Jean Piaget 1896-1980

Jean Piaget Nació en Suiza Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Se interesó por la Biología, la Filosofía y la Psicología Sus estudios fueron inspirados por su trabajo en el Laboratorio Psicológico de Binet, fijándose principalmente en las respuestas incorrectas de los niños Rechazó las Pruebas estandarizadas Diferenció varios niveles de desarrollo •Born in Switzerland Father a historian, mother at home. Published his first article in a natural history magazine at 10 years old describing a partly albino sparrow in a public park He got his bachelor’s degree at 18 and doctorate at 21 in natural sciences, particularly biology. He was considered a world expert on mollusks. His focus shifted from Biology to Philosophy to Psychology. Each of those areas affect his perspective, i.e. the relationship of science and faith in moral development. He worked in Binet’s (of Stanford-Binet IQ fame) psychological laboratory for a time where he became interested in the development of children’s intelligence, particularly in children’s incorrect answers. He started asking the children questions and found that there were different kinds of common wrong answers at different ages. He came to the conclusion that older children’s thinking is qualitatively different than younger children: rejecting a quantitative definition of intelligence (based on the number of correct responses on a test). He rejected the standardized test as losing considerable information about the child’s thinking. This revolutionary style of testing allowed a child’s answers to determine the course of questioning, which allowed the researcher to comprehend the underlying basis for a child’s response. So in 1921 he wrote “At last I had found my field of research.” and he researched and wrote about it for the next 60 years. By the age of 30 he was already famous for his work in psychology.

Teoría del desarrollo de Piaget Planteamientos básicos de Piaget Influencias en el desarrollo Tendencias básicas en el pensamiento Cuatro etapas del desarrollo cognitivo

Planteamientos básicos de Piaget El desarrollo es un intento de los niños por darle sentido al mundo FIRST OF ALL, Piaget postulates that at different periods, children use different mental structures to think about and make sense of their world. The structures available to children are determined by their biological readiness and life experiences. Piaget thought of children incapable of learning particular tasks if not in that stage.

Postulados de Piaget En períodos diferentes los niños usan estructuras mentales diferentes Las estructuras disponibles para los niños están determinadas por su constitución biológica y sus experiencias de vida Piaget piensa que los niños son incapaces de aprender tareas particulares si no están en esa etapa

Desarrollo: Cambios (ordenados) cualitativos y cuantitativos en lo: Físico Personal Social Cognitivo •PIAGET BELIEVED THAT development was Orderly, adaptive, qualitative changes in four areas: physical, personal, social, cognitive -Physical: changes in body structure, i.e. puberty -Personal: changes in personality -Social: changes in the ways we relate to others, i.e. playing as a baby we play next to another kid but not with. -Cognitive: Mental processes become more complex and sophisticated, i.e. clay conservation, hypothetical reasoning •Qualitatively different ways of thinking

Influencias en el Desarrollo Maduración: programada genéticamente, ocurre naturalmente; cambios biológicos Actividad: habilidad individual para actuar en el ambiente Transmisión Social: las personas aprenden de otros PIAGET BELIEVED THAT three factors influence development or changes in thinking: •Maturation: genetically programmed, naturally occurring, biological changes over time. •Activity: individual’s ability to act in the environment; •Social transmission: people learn from others These are influences, so how do we think, according to Piaget?

Tendencias Básicas en el razonamiento Organización: en estructuras / esquemas Equilibrio: Búsqueda de balance entre los esquemas y la información del ambiente PIAGET BELIEVED THAT THERE WERE FOUR PRINCIPLE TENDENCIES IN THINKING: •Organization: Tendency to organize thinking processes into psychological structures/schemes. •schemes: structures that are basic building blocks of thinking •Equilibration: A search for balance between cognitive schemes and information from the environment •Disequilibration: Current ways of thinking are not working, so must change through assimilation or accommodation•Adaptation: tendency to adapt to the environment through complementary processes of assimilation and accommodationassimilation: fitting new information into existing cognitive structures “Oh, that’s just like . . .” i.e. seeing a flamingo for the first time. -accommodation: altering existing cognitive structures or creating new ones in response to new information “Gosh, I thought it worked this way . . . “ i.e. only seeing dogs and cats your whole life, then seeing a rhinocerous. Change in scheme of “Animals: all animals are small and furry”

Tendencias Básicas en el razonamiento Desequilibrio: cambios a través de la asimilación o acomodación Adaptación Asimilación: fijar la nueva información en las estructuras cognitivas existentes Acomodación: alterando las estructuras existentes o creando nuevas PIAGET BELIEVED THAT THERE WERE FOUR PRINCIPLE TENDENCIES IN THINKING: •Organization: Tendency to organize thinking processes into psychological structures/schemes. •schemes: structures that are basic building blocks of thinking •Equilibration: A search for balance between cognitive schemes and information from the environment •Disequilibration: Current ways of thinking are not working, so must change through assimilation or accommodation•Adaptation: tendency to adapt to the environment through complementary processes of assimilation and accommodationassimilation: fitting new information into existing cognitive structures “Oh, that’s just like . . .” i.e. seeing a flamingo for the first time. -accommodation: altering existing cognitive structures or creating new ones in response to new information “Gosh, I thought it worked this way . . . “ i.e. only seeing dogs and cats your whole life, then seeing a rhinocerous. Change in scheme of “Animals: all animals are small and furry”

Cuatro Etapas de Desarrollo Cognitivo Sensorio-motor Infancia: 0-2 años Pre-operacional Infancia temprana: 2-7 años Operacional Concreta De los 7-11 años Operacional Formal Adolescentes y Jóvenes: 11-15 años THROUGH OBSERVING HIS OWN KIDS AND OTHERS PIAGET DECIDED ON FOUR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT: SENSORIMOTOR: -Development based on info obtained through senses or body movements •object permanence (a hidden object still exists, i.e. peek-a-boo) •goal-directed actions: baby plans something, i.e. batting a swinging toy. PREOPERATIONAL STAGE -Beginning of mental operations •Operations child can think about doing something without actually doing it. •Decentering (object is red & square)/•Egocentrism: Sees world from own view •Reversible thinking child can think backwards (i.e. counting) •Collective monologue: group talk but no real interaction CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE -”Hands-on thinking” stage, mental tasks are tied to concrete objects and situations •Conservation: changes in some characteristics of an object remain the same despite changes in appearance •Seriation can organize objects in sequential order by size, weight, vol. •Classification: can group objects into categories •Compensation: change in one dimension can be offset by changes in another (i.e. a balance scale or an algebra problem 2X + 7 = 3X - 9) FORMAL OPERATIONS -”Scientific”, hypothetical, inductive reasoning stage: What if . . . ? -Adolescent egocentrism: everyone else shares one’s thoughts, feelings, and concerns (i.e. realization that “gee my parents have grown smarter over time”) -Achieved in areas of interest and experience/Do we all reach the fourth stage?

Sensorio-motor (0-2 años) Desarrollo basado en la información obtenida a través de los sentidos o movimientos del cuerpo Permanencia del objeto Acciones dirigidas THROUGH OBSERVING HIS OWN KIDS AND OTHERS PIAGET DECIDED ON FOUR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT: SENSORIMOTOR: -Development based on info obtained through senses or body movements •object permanence (a hidden object still exists, i.e. peek-a-boo) •goal-directed actions: baby plans something, i.e. batting a swinging toy. PREOPERATIONAL STAGE -Beginning of mental operations •Operations child can think about doing something without actually doing it. •Decentering (object is red & square)/•Egocentrism: Sees world from own view •Reversible thinking child can think backwards (i.e. counting) •Collective monologue: group talk but no real interaction CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE -”Hands-on thinking” stage, mental tasks are tied to concrete objects and situations •Conservation: changes in some characteristics of an object remain the same despite changes in appearance •Seriation can organize objects in sequential order by size, weight, vol. •Classification: can group objects into categories •Compensation: change in one dimension can be offset by changes in another (i.e. a balance scale or an algebra problem 2X + 7 = 3X - 9) FORMAL OPERATIONS -”Scientific”, hypothetical, inductive reasoning stage: What if . . . ? -Adolescent egocentrism: everyone else shares one’s thoughts, feelings, and concerns (i.e. realization that “gee my parents have grown smarter over time”) -Achieved in areas of interest and experience/Do we all reach the fourth stage?

Pre-operacional (2-7 años) Comienzo de las operaciones mentales Operaciones: el niño puede pensar acerca de hacer algo sin hacerlo de hecho Egocentrismo: mira el mundo desde su propia visión Pensamiento reversible Monólogo colectivo: conversación grupal pero sin interacción real

Operacional Concreta (7 - 11 años) Las tarea mentales están ligadas a objetos y situaciones concretas Conservación: los cambios en algunas características de los objetos permanecen Seriación: puede organizar objetos en orden secuencial Clasificación: puede agrupar objetos en categorías Compensación: los cambios en una dimensión pueden deberse a cambios en otras dimensiones

Operacional formal (11 - 15 años) Etapa del razonamiento científico, hipotético, deductivo Egocentrismo adolescente: cada uno expresa sus sentimientos, pensamientos y pareceres El razonamiento es logrado en áreas de interés y experiencia

Limitaciones de la Teoría de Piaget Subestima las habilidades de los niños Etapas fijas No toma en cuenta el papel de la cultura y del contexto social