LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

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Transcripción de la presentación:

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS FÍSICA Y QUÍMICA 3º DE E.S.O. 2nd/3th TERM UNIT 3_3: LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS http://slideplayer.com/slide/1660169/

Criterios de evaluación Bloque 3. Los cambios Contenidos Cambios físicos y cambios químicos. La reacción química. Cálculos estequiométricos sencillos. Ley de conservación de la masa. La química en la sociedad y el medio ambiente. Criterios de evaluación 1. Distinguir entre cambios físicos y químicos mediante la realización de experiencias sencillas que pongan de manifiesto si se forman o no nuevas sustancias 2. Caracterizar las reacciones químicas como cambios de unas sustancias en otras. CMCT. 3. Describir a nivel molecular el proceso por el cual los reactivos se transforman en productos en términos de la teoría de colisiones. CCL, CMCT, CAA. 4. Deducir la ley de conservación de la masa y reconocer reactivos y productos a través de experiencias sencillas en el laboratorio y/o de simulaciones por ordenador. CMCT, CD, CAA. 5. Comprobar mediante experiencias sencillas de laboratorio la influencia de determinados factores en la velocidad de las reacciones químicas. CMCT, CAA. 6. Reconocer la importancia de la química en la obtención de nuevas sustancias y su importancia en la mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas. CCL, CAA, CSC. 7. Valorar la importancia de la industria química en la sociedad y su influencia en el medio ambiente. CCL, CAA, CSC. Estándares de aprendizaje evaluables 1.1. Distingue entre cambios físicos y químicos en acciones de la vida cotidiana en función de que haya o no formación de nuevas sustancias. 1.2. Describe el procedimiento de realización experimentos sencillos en los que se ponga de manifiesto la formación de nuevas sustancias y reconoce que se trata de cambios químicos. 2.1. Identifica cuáles son los reactivos y los productos de reacciones químicas sencillas interpretando la representación esquemática de una reacción química. 3.1. Representa e interpreta una reacción química a partir de la teoría atómico-molecular y la teoría de colisiones. 4.1. Reconoce cuáles son los reactivos y los productos a partir de la representación de reacciones químicas sencillas, y comprueba experimentalmente que se cumple la ley de conservación de la masa. 5.1. Propone el desarrollo de un experimento sencillo que permita comprobar experimentalmente el efecto de la concentración de los reactivos en la velocidad de formación de los productos de una reacción química, justificando este efecto en términos de la teoría de colisiones. 5.2. Interpreta situaciones cotidianas en las que la temperatura influye significativamente en la velocidad de la reacción. 6.1. Clasifica algunos productos de uso cotidiano en función de su procedencia natural o sintética. 6.2. Identifica y asocia productos procedentes de la industria química con su contribución a la mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas. 7.1. Describe el impacto medioambiental del dióxido de carbono, los óxidos de azufre, los óxidos de nitrógeno y los CFC y otros gases de efecto invernadero relacionándolo con los problemas medioambientales de ámbito global. 7.2. Propone medidas y actitudes, a nivel individual y colectivo,para mitigar los problemas medioambientales de importancia global. 7.3. Defiende razonadamente la influencia que el desarrollo de la industria química ha tenido en el progreso de la sociedad, a partir de fuentes científicas de distinta procedencia

3.4. WRITING AND BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Measuring amounts of substances: Coefficients and subscripts 3.4. WRITING AND BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS Measuring amounts of substances: Coefficients and subscripts When you look at the reaction equation above you will notice two kinds of numbers: 1) Numbers in front of chemical formulae in the equation. They are called coefficients. 2) Smaller numbers used inside and below the chemical formulae. These are called subscripts. Coefficients and subscripts mean different things

Measuring amounts of substances: Coefficients and subscripts 3.4. WRITING AND BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS Measuring amounts of substances: Coefficients and subscripts

Use the correct coefficients and subscripts to say what we find inside the square

Use the correct coefficients and subscripts to say what we find inside the square 2H2O

Conservation of matter in a chemical reaction Chemical equations show what happens in a reaction For example: - The chemical change: Copper and oxygen combine to yeald copper(II) oxide - Word equations: A word equation gives the names of the substances involved in a reaction. copper + oxygen → copper(II) oxide

Conservation of matter in a chemical reaction - Word equation: A word equation gives the names of the substances involved in a reaction. copper + oxygen → copper(II) oxide - Unbalance chemical equation: An unbalance chemical equation gives the symbols and formulas of the substances involved in a reaction. Cu + O2 → CuO Notice that during a chemical change atoms are not created or destroyed. In the chemical equation above we say that an atom of oxygen has desappeared

Conservation of matter in a chemical reaction - Balancing a chemical equation: Cu + O2 → CuO With a molecule of oxygen two units of CuO can be obtained Using coefficients, the chemical equation must be written as follows: Cu + O2 → 2 CuO

Conservation of matter in a chemical reaction - Balancing a chemical equation: But the new chemical equation says that one atom of copper has been created: Cu + O2 → 2 CuO The two copper atoms of the copper (II) oxide must have been reactants before: 2 Cu + O2 → 2 CuO

Conservation of matter in a chemical reaction - Balanced equation: 2 Cu + O2 → 2 CuO Two atoms of copper react with two atoms of oxygen to form two molecules of copper (II) oxide. Notice that coefficients and subscripts ensure that we have two copper atoms and two oxygen atoms on each side.

Unbalanced and Balanced Equations H Cl Cl H Cl Cl H H H2 + Cl2  HCl (unbalanced) H2 + Cl2  2 HCl (balanced) reactants products H Cl reactants products H Cl 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2

- Balancing a chemical equation: - The chemical change: To combine hydrogen and oxygen to make water, one must mix the gases together and light a match - Word equation: Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water - Unbalance equation: H2 + O2 → H2O - Balancing oxygen: H2 + O2 → 2 H2O

- Balancing a chemical equation: - Unbalance equation: H2 + O2 → H2O - Balancing oxygen: H2 + O2 → 2 H2O 1 x 2 2 x 1 - Balancing hydrogen: 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O

When balancing a chemical equation, why can you change coefficients, but not subscripts? Because changing subscripts would mean you are changing the basic composition of the substance. As you can see, balancing the equation by changing the subscripts basically means that you are making a "new" substance rather than the one originally given in the equation.

Other examples NO(g) + O2(g)  NO2(g) is it balanced? When balancing a chemical equation, why can you change coefficients, but not subscripts? Other examples NO(g) + O2(g)  NO2(g) is it balanced? Is this balanced? NO(g) + O(g)  NO2(g) Is this OK? Is this balanced? 2 NO(g) + O2(g)  2 NO2(g) Is this OK?

- Balancing a chemical equation: - The chemical change: - Word equation: Methane + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water - Unbalance equation: - Balancing carbon: It is balanced 1 x 1 1 x 1

Write a balanced equation for the reaction between chlorine and sodium bromide to produce bromine and sodium chloride. 1) Write a word equation for the reaction. chlorine + sodium bromide  bromine + sodium chloride 2) Write the correct formulas for all reactants and products. Cl2 + NaBr  Br2 + NaCl 3) Determine the coefficients that make the equation balance. Cl2 + 2 NaBr  Br2 + 2 NaCl

Write the balanced equation for the reaction between aluminum sulfate, Al2(SO4)3 , and calcium chloride to form a white precipitate of calcium sulfate, CaSO4 . 1) Write a word equation for the reaction. ? ? aluminum sulfate + calcium chloride  calcium sulfate + aluminum chloride 2) Write the correct formulas for all reactants and products. Al2(SO4)3 + CaCl2  CaSO4 + AlCl3 3) Determine the coefficients that make the equation balance. Al2(SO4)3 + 3 CaCl2  3 CaSO4 + 2 AlCl3

Balancing chemical equations. Practice: Use a lap: Solve the introductory examples (5 minutes) and then play the game(10 minutes). Say the results to your teacher (Level and score) https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/balancing-chemical-equations/latest/balancing-chemical-equations_en.html

Conservation of matter in a chemical reaction All the atoms in the reactants form the products so the mass of the reactants and the products is the same. Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine Lavoisier