Segmentación de mercados,

Presentación del tema: "Segmentación de mercados,"— Transcripción de la presentación:

1 Segmentación de mercados,
mercados meta y posicionamiento para obtener ventaja competitiva

2 Steps in Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning
This CTR corresponds to Figure 7-1 on p. 196 and relates to the material on pp. 196. Pasos de la segmentación, determina- ción y posicionamiento del mercado 6. Desarrollar mezcla de marke- ting para cada segmento meta Steps in Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Market Segmentation. Market segmentation is the process of dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who might require separate products or marketing mixes. All buyers have unique needs and wants. Still it is usually possible in consumer markets to identify relatively homogeneous portions or segments of the total market according to shared preferences, attitudes, or behaviors that distinguish them from the rest of the market. These segments may require different products and/or separate mixes. Market Targeting. Market targeting is the process of evaluating each market segment's attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to enter. Given effective market segmentation, the firm must choose which markets to serve and how to serve them. Discussion Note: In targeting markets to serve the firm must consider its resources and objectives in setting strategy. Market Positioning. Market positioning is the process of formulating competitive positioning for a product and a detailed marketing mix. Marketers must plan how to present the product to the consumer. Discussion Note: The product's position is defined by how consumers view it on important attributes. Posicionamiento en el mercado 5. Crear un posicionamiento para cada segmento meta 4. Seleccionar segmentos meta Determinación de mercados meta 3. Idear cómo medir el atractivo de un mercado 2. Desarrollar perfiles de los segmentos escogidos Segmentación del mercado 1. Identificar las bases de segmentación del mercado

3 Paso 1. Segmentación del mercado Niveles de segmentación de mercado
Marketing masivo Mismo producto a todos los consumidores (sin segmentación) Marketing de segmento Diferentes productos a uno o más segmentos (cierta segmentación) Paso 1. Segmentación del mercado Niveles de segmentación de mercado Stages in Market Orientation This CTR relates to the discussion on pp Marketing de nicho Diferentes productos a subgrupos de segmentos ( más segmentación) Micromarketing Productos adaptados a los gustos de individuos o lugares (segmentación total) Stages in Market Orientation Sellers traditionally have passed through three stages of orientation or philosophy of identifying markets that lead to greater use of segmentation, targeting, and positioning strategies: Mass Marketing. In mass marketing, the seller produces, mass distributes, and mass promotes one product to all buyers. The argument for mass marketing is that it [should] lead to the lowest costs (through economies of scale) and prices and create the largest potential market. Segment Marketing. Here the seller identifies market segments, selects one or more of them, and develops products and marketing mixes tailored to meeting the needs of those selected segments. As more competitors adopt this practice, fragmentation of the market leads to Niche Marketing. Here the seller focuses on subgroups within market segments who may seek a special combination of benefits. Micromarketing. This is the practice of tailoring products and marketing programs to suit the tastes of specific individuals and locations.

4 Paso 1. Segmentación del mercado Bases para segmentar mercados de consumo
Market Segmentation This CTR relates to Table 7-1 on p. 203 and the material on pp Geográfica Países, estados, regiones o ciudades Bases for Segmenting Consumer Markets Geographic Segmentation. Geographic segmentation divides the market into different geographic units based upon physical proximity. While location determines how geographic segmentation is done, it is also true that many consumer products have attribute differences associated with regional tastes. Demographic Segmentation. Dividing the market into groups based upon variables such as sex, age, family size, family life cycle, income, education, occupation, religious affiliation, or nationality are all demographic segmentations. Consumer needs often vary with demographic variables. Demographic information is also relatively easy to measure. Age and life-cycle stage, sex, and income are three major demographic bases for segmentation. Psychographic Segmentation. Psychographic Segmentation divides the market into groups based on social class, life style, or personality characteristics. Psychographic segmentation cuts across demographic differences. Social class preferences reflect values and preferences that remain constant even as income increases. Life style describes helps group markets around ideas such as health, youthful, or environmentally conscious. Personalities may transcend other differences in markets and may be transferred to products themselves. Behavioral Segmentation. Behavioral Segmentation divides markets into groups based on their knowledge, attitudes, uses, or responses to a product. Types of of behavioral segmentation are based upon occasions, benefits sought, user status, usage rates, loyalty, buyer readiness stage, and attitude. Demográfica Edad, sexo, tamaño y ciclo de vida de la familia, o ingreso Psicográfica Clase social, estilo de vida o personalidad Conductual Ocasiones, beneficios, usos o respuestas

5 Uso de varias bases de seg- mentación: Geodemografía
Geodemographics This CTR combines text and extra-textual information and relates to material on pp Uso de varias bases de seg- mentación: Geodemografía Geodemographics Geodemographics combine demographic, geographic, psychographic, and behavioristic segmentation variables to identify markets for products much more narrowly than other segmentation strategies. Geodemographics lends itself best to marketing mix strategies utilizing technological innovation to reach consumers with product information. The two marketing areas that benefit most from geodemography are direct marketing via mail and telephone and computer-based marketing. Direct Marketing. The direct marketing industry benefits from increasingly specific information on potential customers. Use of telephones and postal mailings without prior qualification of leads is generating grass roots movements for regulation. Geodemography makes it more likely that direct marketers will contact more people who have already expressed an interest in the product or are very likely, statistically speaking, to appreciate information on a relevant product for their geodemographic group. In discussion, you may want to raise questions about the role of marketing ethics in generating and using these increasingly specific databases. Computer-based Marketing. Millions of people now subscribe to computer shopping services such as AMERICA ON-LINE and PRODIGY that provides consumers with on-line information and services via their personal computer and modem. PC Consumers can bank, order from catalogs, receive information, check stock prices and do trades -- all right at their desktop. While the user requests information on-line, mainframe computers track their information search patterns and record orders and requests for more detailed information to create more databases segmentation.

6 Segmenting Business Markets
This CTR corresponds to Table 7-3 on p. 213 relates to the material on pp Paso 1. Segmentación del mercado Bases para segmentar mercados de negocios Características personales Demografía Major Segmentation Variables for Business Markets Demographics. Industry segmentation focuses on which industries buy the product. Company size can be used. Geographic location may be used to group businesses by proximity. Operating Variables. Business markets can be segmented by technology (what customer technologies should we focus on?), user/nonuser status (heavy, medium, light), or customer capabilities (those needing many or few services). Purchasing Approaches. Five approaches are possible. Segmentation can be by purchasing function organization (centralized or decentralized), power structure (selecting companies controlled by a functional specialty), the nature of existing relationships (current desirable customers or new desirable customers), general purchase policies (focus on companies that prefer some arrangements over others such as leasing, related support service contracts, sealed bids), or purchasing criteria (focus on noncompensatory criteria such as price, service, or quality). Situational Factors. Situational segmentation may be based upon urgency (such as quick delivery needs), specific application (specific uses for the product) or size of order (few large or many small accounts). Personal Characteristics. Personal comparisons can lead to segmentation by buyer-seller similarity (companies with similar personnel and values), attitudes toward risk (focus on risk-taking or risk-avoiding companies), or loyalty (focus on companies that show high loyalty to their suppliers. Bases para segmentar mercados de negocios Factores de situación Características operativas Enfoques de compra

7 Mercados industriales
Paso 1. Segmentación del mercado Bases para segmentar mercados internacionales Segmenting International Markets This CTR relates to the discussion on pp Mercados industriales Segmenting International Markets Geographic Segmentation. This works well when proximity is the critical segmentation variable. Economic Factors. Countries might be grouped by population income levels or by overall level of economic development. Political and Legal Factors. Segmentation may be most appropriate in terms of the level of government stability, monetary regulations, receptivity to foreign firms, or the amount of bureaucracy encountered when conducting business. Cultural Factors. Segmentation by common language, religion, or values might be the best way to proceed. Intermarket Segmentation. This involves forming segments of consumer who have similar needs and buying behavior even though they are located in different countries. Geográfica Económica Política/ Legal Cultural Intermercado

8 Paso 1. Segmentación del mercado Requisitos para segmentar eficazmente
Medibles Effective Segmentation This CTR relates to the material on pp. 215. Paso 1. Segmentación del mercado Requisitos para segmentar eficazmente Accesibles Sustanciales Se puede medir el tamaño, poder de compra y perfil de segmentos. Requirements for Effective Segmentation Measurability . This refers to the degree to which the size and purchasing power of the segments can be measured. The accuracy and availability of measures of market potential are important. Accessibility. This refers to the degree to which a market segment can be reached and served. Identifying a segment is useless if the marketer has limited access to the customer. Substantiality. This refers to the degree to which the segments are large or profitable enough to service. Actionability. This is the degree to which an effective marketing program can be designed for attracting and serving segments. Company resource limitations figure prominently in actionability issues. Se puede llegar y servir eficazmente a los segmentos. Diferenciables Los segmentos deben ser grandes o muy redituables. Procesables Los segmentos deben responder de diferente manera a distintos elementos y acciones de la mezcla de marketing. Debe ser posible atraer los segmentos y servirlos.

9 Paso 2. Mercados meta Evaluación de segmentos del mercado
Evaluating Market Segments This CTR relates to the material on pp Tamaño y crecimiento del segmento Analizar ventas, crecimiento y rentabilidad potencial. Atractivo estructural del segmento Considerar efectos de: competidores, disponibilidad de sustitutos y poder de compradores y proveedores. Objetivos y recursos de la empresa Habilidades y recursos de la empresa relativos al o a los segmentos. Buscar ventajas competitivas. Evaluating Market Segments Segment Size and Growth. The company must collect and analyze data on current dollar sales, projected sales-growth, and expected profit margins for each market segment. Segment Structural Attractiveness. Long run attractiveness includes an assessment of current and potential competitors, the threats of substitutes, and the power of buyers and suppliers. Company Objectives and Resources. The company’s resources and core business strengths should also fit well with the market segment opportunities.

10 Paso 2. Mercados meta Estrategias de cobertura de mercado
Market Coverage Strategies This CTR corresponds to Figure 7-4 on p. 217 and relates to the discussion on pp Mezcla de marketing de la empresa Mercado Mezcla de marketing 1 Segmento 1 Mezcla de marketing 2 Segmento 2 A. Marketing no diferenciado Market Coverage Strategies Undifferentiated Marketing. This strategy uses the same marketing mix for the entire market. This strategy focuses on the common needs of the market rather than differences in it. Undifferentiated marketing provides economies of scale on product costs but may be limited in application. Differentiated Marketing. This strategy targets several market segments and designs separate marketing mixes for each of them. Product and marketing variation also helps company image and may produce loyalty in consumers as they change segments. Concentrated Marketing. This strategy commits a company to pursue a large share of one or more submarkets. Economies and segment knowledge and service are strengths of this approach but risk due to smaller market size is greater. Mezcla de marketing 3 Segmento 3 Segmento 1 Mezcla de marketing de la empresa Segmento 2 B. Marketing diferenciado Segmento 3 C. Marketing concentrado

11 Paso 2. Mercados meta Escoger una estrategia de cobertura
Choosing a Market-Coverage Strategy This CTR relates to the discussion on pp Recursos de la empresa Choosing a Market-Coverage Strategy Factors to consider in choosing a market-coverage strategy include: Company Resources. Sometimes the resources of a firm make a strategy decision fairly simple. For example, a small firm with limited resources is more likely to be successful implementing a concentrated strategy than a full coverage one. Product Variability. The higher the degree of product variation or differentiation, the greater the likelihood that a differentiated or concentrated strategy will be necessary to meet consumer demands for choice. Stage in Life Cycle. Introduction and early growth stages of the product life cycle are more likely to support single-version products. As the market matures, greater consumer numbers and a wider variety of tastes demand more differentiation. Discussion Note: The cost of developing new products is often given as a reason for single-version rollouts. But it is important to remember that consumers don’t know how to use new products as well and so it makes sense to keep a product simple to help consumer learn about its benefits first and then let their experience with product use guide the introduction of additional features. Market Variability. If taste differences in the market are small, then undifferentiated marketing is appropriate. Competitor’s Marketing Strategies. Selecting a coverage strategy is not done in a vacuum. When the market is already served by competitor using a segmentation strategy, undifferentiated marketing is less likely to be successful. However, competitors using undifferentiated strategies may be vulnerable to a well-planned and executed differentiation strategy. Variabilidad del producto Etapa del producto en su ciclo de vida Variabilidad del mercado Estrategias de marke- ting de competidores

12 Paso 3. Posicionamiento para obtener ventaja competitiva
Posición del producto – el lugar que ocupa en la mente de los consumidores respecto delos productos de la competencia; p.ej., Volvo se posiciona con base en “seguridad”. El mercadólogo debe: Planear posiciones que den ventaja máxima a sus productos Crear mezclas de marketing para generar las posiciones planeadas

13 Paso 3. Posicionamiento para obtener ventaja competitiva : Estrategias
Product Positioning This CTR relates to the material on pp. 220. Paso 3. Posicionamiento para obtener ventaja competitiva : Estrategias Clase de producto Atributos del producto Lejos de los competidores Beneficios que ofrece Market Positioning Strategies A product's position is the way the product is defined by consumers on important attributes. More directly, product position is the place the product occupies in the consumers’ minds relative to competing products. Discussion Note: Students may need prompting to realize that marketers don’t control the product’s position, consumers do. The strategies discussed below represent the inputs marketers make to influence how the consumer ultimately determine the product’s position. A product's position can be based on a number of variables including: Product Attributes. This positions the product on unique or distinguishing features it possesses such as a low price, unique technology, versatility or other features. Benefits Offered. Positioning can be based upon the specific value provided. Usage Occasions. The product usage associated can with special occasions or values ("Andre for the Holidays") Users. A product can be positioned to its most important users (Miller Beer's heavy user positioning, "Tastes Great Less Filling") Against a Competitor. This strategy is appropriate for substitutes that cost less. Away from Competitors. This positions the product as unique in some respect and/or worth it. Product Class. The company may vary positioning as needed in relation to one or more competitors. B A E D C H G F Contra un competidor Ocasiones de uso Usuarios

14 Pasos para escoger e implementar una estrategia de posicionamiento
Paso 1. Identificar un conjunto de posibles ventajas competitivas: Diferenciación competitiva. Paso 2. Seleccionar la ventaja competitiva correcta. Paso 3. Comunicar y entregar al mer-cado eficazmente la posición escogida.

15 Creación de diferenciación competitiva
Producto Servicio Creación de diferenciación competitiva Positioning for Competitive Advantage This CTR relates to the discussion on pp Áreas de diferenciación competitiva Competitive Advantage Competitive Advantage is created by differentiating the product from those of competitors. Key areas for competitive differentiation include: Product Differentiation. This can be based upon features or performance. Teaching Tip: Drive a Hyundai and a Lexus on the same afternoon to experience performance differentiation. Services Differentiation. This may come from delivery, installation, repair, or training advantages. Teaching Tip: Does anyone think that television cable service would not improve if there were more than one cable provider per area? Personnel Differentiation. This is derived from a superior workforce. Teaching Tip: Surely students appreciate their experience in your class versus those marketing classes at that other school in state? Image Differentiation. This can be generated from effective use of symbols in association with product consumption. Teaching Tip: Examples of effective use of symbols include Prudential Securities, “Rock Solid - Market Wise” and Merrill Lynch “Bullish on America.” Personal Imagen

16 Selección de las ventajas competitivas correctas
Promoting Differences This CTR relates to the material on pp Discussion Note: The key to selecting the right competitive advantage is to develop a unique selling proposition (USP) for the product and stick to it. Selección de las ventajas competitivas correctas Importante Redituable Distintiva Selecting the Right Competitive Advantage Differences selected to promote competitive advantage should satisfy the following criteria: Important. The difference must deliver a highly valued benefit to target buyers. Distinctive. Competitors do not offer the difference, or the company offers the difference in a more distinctive way. Superior. The difference should be superior to other ways that customers might obtain the same benefit. Communicable. The difference is communicable and visible to buyers. Preemptive. Competitors cannot easily copy the difference. This may be a result of innovative technology, production economies, distribution economies, and/or proprietary rights. Affordable. Buyers in the target market must be able to pay for the difference. Profitable. The difference must be profitable for the company to offer. Criterios para determinar qué diferencias promover Costeable Superior Comunicable Exclusiva