Español II Repaso de gramática esencial. 1. Shoe verbs (e-ie) and (o-ue) Some verbs make a change in their stem. These verbs go o-ue in all forms except.

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Transcripción de la presentación:

Español II Repaso de gramática esencial

1. Shoe verbs (e-ie) and (o-ue) Some verbs make a change in their stem. These verbs go o-ue in all forms except nosotros: Notice that dormir (an –ir verb) has different endings than mostrar (an –ar verb) mostrar: to show muestro mostramos muestras muestra muestran dormir: to sleep duermo dormimos duermes duerme duermen

LOS VERBOS o-ue Dormir sleep Contar count/tell Mostrar show Encontrar find Almorzar eat lunch llover rain costar cost poder able to volver return acostar put to bed

I can He counts It rains You (fam) return They cost It hurts! puedo cuenta llueve vuelves cuestan ¡duele!

Shoe verbs (e-ie) Some verbs make an e-ie change in their stem in all forms except nosotros: Notice that it is the second -e in preferir that changes to –ie. cerrar: to close cierro cerramos cierras cierra cierran preferir: to prefer prefiero preferimos prefieres prefiere prefieren

querer to want cerrar close perder lose empezar start preferir* despertar(se) wake up Entender understand pensar think divertirse have fun nevar to snow

2. -go verbs The following verbs have irregular forms and all end in –go in the yo form. hacer hao hago haces hace hacemos hacen to do/make

pono pongo pones pone ponemos poner ponen To put

traio traigo traes trae traemos traer traen to bring

salo salgo sales sale salmos salimos salir salen To leave

dio digo dces dices dce dice decimos decir dcen dicen to say/tell

oio oigo oes oyes oeoyeoeoye omos oímos oír oen oyen to hear

3. El Futuro I shall go home Jill will fight They will understand

hablar é ás á emos án The infinitive is the stem for the Future Tense

romper é ás á emos án endings are the same for -ar and -er/ir, verbs

Qué será, será What will be, will be Iré al cielo I will go to Heaven No ganarás You will not win Olvidaremos We won’t forget

Decir Hacer Saber Poder Poner Tener Venir Querer Salir dir- har- sabr- podr- pondr- tendr- vendr- querr- saldr- valervaldr- Habrá una fiesta ¡Los irregulares!

4. El Presente Perfecto I have eaten Have you slept? Bob has arrived

He hablado Has llegado Ha fumado He comido ¿Has salido? Hemos ido hemos gritado han pagado I haveeaten

Me he afeitado Lo hemos cerrado ¿Las has lavado? Objects must always precede he, ha etc..

I have won! He ganado Have you ran? ¿Has corrido? Dad has fallen Papá ha caído We have found it Lo hemos encontrado

Participios pasados irregulares Written Told Opened Seen Broken Done Returned Put Died escrito dicho abierto visto roto hecho vuelto puesto muerto

I have done it! Lo he hecho They have seen me Me han visto I have put… He puesto We have returned hemos vuelto

5. Mandatos Commands tell someone what to do. Compare these sentences: Jill studies for the test. Jill, study for the test! The second sentence is a command, sometimes called the imperative. In Spanish, it’s called a Mandato.

To form Commands to someone you would address as tú: 1. Affirmatives: Go to the él/ella/usted form of present tense: Eat fish! Buy a dog! Attend class Watch out for the 8 irregulars! Come… Compra… Asiste…

Los irregulares hacer decir venir tener salir poner ir ser → → haz → → di → → ven → → ten → → sal → → pon → → ve → → sé

Los irregulares Leave the room! Sal… Do your work! Haz… Be nice! Sé…

Tell the truth! ¡Di la verdad! Tell me! ¡Dime! Come here! ¡Ven aquí! Have fun! ¡Diviértete!

Attach objects (lo, las, etc) to affirmative commands ¡Comprala! ¡Comelos! ´ ´

Reflexive verbs always attach te to command ¡Dúchate! ¡Despiértate! ¡Vístete!

El Pasado El PretéritoEl Imperfecto 6.

El Pretérito ***A single completed action I got up. We cut onions. I sliced my finger. Mom cried.

cantar cant é aste ó amos aron

pagar pag é aste ó amos aron llegarnavegarjugar gué apagar

tocar toc é aste ó amos aron buscarsecarexplicar qué practicar

cruzar cruz é aste ó amos aron empezaraterrizaralmorzar cé

entender entend í iste ió imos ieron

tenerestar e iste o imos ieron tuv-estuv- tuv estuv vin tuv estuv venir Vin-

hacer e iste o imos ieron hic- hic hiz

irser fui fuiste fue fuimos fueron Fui al correo La fiesta fue estupenda

dar ver di dimos diste dio dieron vi vimos viste vio vieron

leer le í íste yóyó ímos yeron leeroírcreerinfluircaer

El Pasado El pretéritoEl imperfecto

Usos del Imperfecto Ana cantaba what someone was doing at some point in the past 1. To describe an action in progress Mis padres trabajaban We were winningganábamos

2. To say what someone “used to” to do or “would” do in the past Siempre comprabas dulces Yo fumaba en el baño a veces todas las nochesgeneralmente a menudo cada día frecuentemente clue words

Descriptions a. Physical Ella era alta Tenía ojos cafés b. Mental/emotional Quería dinero Odiábamos la química Me encantaban juegos

El Imperfecto 1. AP 2. HA 3. Telling time/age in past Era la una Tenía 4 años 4. Description

cerrar (e-ie) cerr aba abas aba ábamos aban

El Imperfecto comer com ía ías ía íamos ían

ir iba ibas iba íbamos iban Los irregulares

ser era eras era éramos eran Los irregulares Cuando éramos niños… It is 9:00Son las 9Eran las 9

I often rode bike Yo montaba ¿Were you drinking? ¿Bebías? We used to go to Florida Íbamos a Florida She was pretty Era bonita

MOOD

MOOD el indicativo el subjuntivo

The Subjunctive If I were president… I recommend that you be on time I suggest that she drink milk If it please the Court… 7.

Wanting, telling, asking, hoping, recommending that someone else do something. El Subjuntivo

Querer pedir recomendar esperar decir ojalá que Switch of subject Verb in subjuntivo I want you to listen Quiero tú escuchar Quiero que tú escuches Ella te pide que _________

Quiero que tú _________ la verdad. ¿Pides que yo _________ ahora? Recomendamos que ellos ________ Digo que él _________ bien decir venir escoger salir digas venga salgan escoja Ojalá que ellos _________ a casa ir

More Subjunctive triggers… to fear to be sorry to be happy

1. Estoy feliz que vengas a mi fiesta. 2. Tememos que usted pierda. 3. Nos alegramos que des sangre. 4. Luis siente que yo vaya a la cárcel.

Subjunctive triggers… to deny

Subjuntivo trigger #3 Es importante que… Es necesario que… Es mejor que… Es posible que… Es una lástima que…

Es importante saber la fecha. Es importante que llegues a tiempo Es bueno verte Es bueno que Pedro no venga Es una lástima perder todo Es una lástima que ellos no ganen

What is happening?!! My knee is swelling! El Presente Progresivo 8. The Presente progresive emphasizes actions that are happening NOW.

El Presente Progresivo Estar + _________ing estoyestamos estás estáestán iendo saliendo ando fumando ar ganar ando I am winning

I am losing Estoy perdiendo She is learning. Está aprendiendo She is learning it Lo está aprendiendo Está aprendiendolo

We are reading Estamos leyendo creyendo, oyendo, trayendo creyendo, oyendo, trayendo

She is telling the truth Está diciendo la verdad pidiendo vistiendo viniendo sirviendo divirtiéndome

Está durmiendo ¡Está muriendo! dormir morir

8. Objetos Compare the use of subjects and objects in English: I like cats She pays me. We are mean. Chuck hates us. You are pretty. I see you. Blue words are subjects Red words are objects

Now, in Spanish… me te lo, la los, las le les nos nos me you us it, him, her them him, her who receive something them, ya’ll

Objects are placed in front of the verb Ramón me escribe. Mis abuelos nos buscan. Mis amigos lo compran. Yo te veo.

In a sentence with 2 verbs, the object can be placed in front of the first verb or attached to the infinitve. Van a pagarnos. Nos van a pagar.

 lo, la, los, or las  Translate as it, him, her, or them  Can be people or things

Lo, la vs. le, les Ramón la habla Ray talks to her Ramón le da una manzana He gives her an apple (she receives something) Mis padres los buscan My parents look for them. (people) Van a comprarles comida. They’re going to buy them food (receiving = les)

9. Comparativos más/menos…que more/less than tan…como as…as tanto(a)(s)…como as much/many… as

Los irregulares OlderYoungerBetterworse mayor menor mejor peor Somos peor que ustedes Somos peores que ustedes

Soy más fuerte que tú Eres menos rico que yo Soy más malo en español que tú peor Los Comparativos

Corres tan lento como un tren. Quiero tanto dinero como ustedes. Busco tantas sillas como estudiantes. Tengo más de cien pesos.

10. Suficios insanity illness hopeful lovely readable

Los Suficios You will be able to read many more articles, letters, books, etc. in Spanish if you are familiar with some of the most common suffixes. The slides that follow pick out some important ones that are not cognates.

-ez(a) -ness, -ity -making a noun out of an adj. La tristeza La pobreza La riqueza

-mente *means -ly. Added to feminine form of adjective to make an adverb: -rápido -seguro -triste -fácil seguramente tristemente rapidamente facilmente

-(a)(s) -ísimo(a)(s) *superlative (really, really…) bellísima santísimo riquísimos larguísimas

-idad -ity Mi identidad La Trinidad La eternidad una posibilidad **siempre feminina

- dad/edad *-ness or -hood La enfermedad La hermanidad La soledad

-azo *big ‘ol… Un zapatazo Un platazo de frijoles Es hombrazo