Bioterrorism Today there is mounting concern about the threat of a bioterrorist attack using smallpox -- so much concern that in October 2001 the American government decided to order enough vaccines to protect every U.S. citizen. Smallpox has a fearsome reputation, having killed more people in history than any other infectious disease. Fatal hemorrhagic smallpox in a twelve-year-old girl, 1970s, Bangladesh. A genetically - engineered strain of smallpox might produce unusual symptoms such as these. Here, the eyes are filled with blood, and blood blisters form in the mouth and inside the body. How can we protect ourselves? Show 12 monkeys

What is a vaccine? Antigen/antigeno Weakened Pathogen Patogeno debilitado Antibody/ anticuerpo a weakened or dead form of a pathogen so it is no longer harmful, but it still has the antigens present. una forma debilitada o muerta de un patógeno por lo que no es perjudicial, pero todavía tiene los antígenos presentes, causando una respuesta immune.

How was the first Vaccine developed? English physician Edward Jenner developed an inoculation against smallpox in 1796. Armed with the knowledge that milkmaids who had been exposed to cowpox, a relatively mild affliction, didn't come down with smallpox, Jenner intentionally infected an eight-year-old boy with cowpox. Two months later he infected the boy again, this time with smallpox. As Jenner expected, the child didn't come down with the disease -- he was immune.

Our Immune System has a good memory! ** After the first response, the immune system “remembers” specific pathogens by leaving behind WBCs that protect the body for years (memory cells). La segunda respuesta es mucho mas rapida, porque el sistema immunologico deja celulas blancas que protegen el cuerpo por anos.

How do scientists make vaccines? Como se hacen las vacunas? Obtener el patógeno Debilitar el patógeno Inyectar el patogeno alteradoa (vacuna) en el organismo. Cuerpo responde a los antígenos produciendo anticuerpos y haciendo que los glóbulos blancos ataquen al invasor. 5) algunos glóbulos blancos específicos para este patógeno permanecen en el cuerpo para proteger el organismo contra futuros ataques. Obtain pathogen Weaken/kill pathogen Inject altered pathogen (vaccine) into organism. Body responds to antigens by making antibodies & having WBCs attack invader. 5) Some WBCs specific for this pathogen remain in the body to protect the organism from future attacks.

What happens when you get invaded by the real pathogen What happens when you get invaded by the real pathogen?/ Que pasa cuando eres invadido por un patogeno real? Memory cells (WBC specific for that pathogen) are already present and will multiply quickly and destroy the invader before it has the chance to cause the disease. Células de memoria (celulas blancas específicas para ese patógeno) ya están presentes y se multiplican rápidamente y destruyen al invasor antes de que tenga la posibilidad de causar la enfermedad.

What is immunity? Que es immunidad? The ability of a person who once had a disease to be protected from getting the same disease again. La capacidad de una persona que alguna vez tuvo una enfermedad de protegerse de conseguir otra vez la misma enfermedad.

Active immunity/Immunidad Activa Your body makes antibodies to fight pathogen Long lasting Ex: vaccine, getting sick with the pathogen Immunidad Activa Tu cuerpo produce anticuerpos para combatir patógenos larga duración Ex: vacuna, enfermarse con el patógeno

Passive Immunity/Immunidad Pasiva You get antibodies from a different organism- your body doesn’t make the antibodies Short lasting Ex: injection of antibodies, mother to child Obtener anticuerpos de un organismo diferente-su cuerpo no produce los anticuerpos corta duración Ex: inyección de anticuerpos, de madre a hijo

How are these two types of immunity different?