Maestría en Ciencias de la Productividad Frutícola, FACIATEC, UACH

Maestría en Ciencias de la Productividad Frutícola, FACIATEC, UACH
17/04/2017 INTRODUCCIÓN A LA FITOPATOLOGÍA Ph.D. Loreto Robles Hernández, Fitopatología

17/04/2017 FITOPATOLOGÍA Una ciencia Estudia los mecanismos de las enfermedades causadas por factores Bióticos (microorganismos patógenos) Abióticos (nutrientes, suelo, pH, clima) Estudia los métodos para prevenir, controlar y manejar las enfermedades Métodos culturales Métodos químicos Técnicas biológicas Ph.D. Loreto Robles Hernández, Fitopatología

Fitopatología Bacteriología, virología, micología, nematología, botánica, anatomía y fisiología. Biología celular – estructura y función de las células. Entomología, Genética, Biología Molecular, Serología, etc. 17/04/2017 La fitopatología es la combinación de varias ciencias Fitopatología

17/04/2017 Objetivo Entender los principios del desarrollo de una enfermedad Patógenos Como atacan los patógenos a las plantas (patología) Como sobreviven los patógenos (ecología) Como se disemina el patógeno (epidemiología) Plantas Como se defienden las plantas de los patógenos Ambiente Influencia del ambiente sobre el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Genética de enfermedades de las plantas Cuales son las bases genéticas de la enfermedad (patógeno y hospedero) Fitopatología

Definición de una enfermedad Respuesta fisiológica anormal de la planta debido a una constante asociación con el agente causal primario. Enfermedades abióticas o no infecciosas Estrés por temperatura, nutrientes, agua, contaminación, pH, etc.. Bióticas o infecciosas Bacterias, hongos, nematodos, plantas superiores parasíticas, virus, micoplasmas, espiroplasmas, etc. 17/04/2017 Las enfermedades se manifiestan en síntomas y signos Ph.D. Loreto Robles Hernández, Fitopatología

17/04/2017 RAZONES POR LAS QUE DEBEMOS ESTUDIAR FITOPATOLOGÍA Epidemias Enfermedades Sanidad vegetal Producción de biocidas Fitopatología

17/04/2017 Enfermedades de plantas Costos en el manejo de enfermedades Indirectos: Pérdida en rendimiento e incremento en costos de producción debido al manejo de enfermedades. Costos directos: Hambrunas por competencia de alimento hambre y toxicidad por agroquímicos Fitopatología

17/04/2017 2. Por las epidemias Tizón del castaño Castaño americano (Castanea dentata) Un árbol muy popular en el este de USA, solo el 40% permanece. Perdidas por incendios. La madera es muy resistente a pudriciones, se usa en cercas, postes, y construcción. Around 1904 a blight, Endothia parasitica, was introduced into the United States from the Orient. Commonly known as the Chestnut blight, Endothia parasitica was first found in the chestnut trees on the grounds of the New York Zoological Garden by Herman W. Merkel, a forester at the Bronx Zoo. It is believed that the fungus was unintentionally introduced into America from Asian chestnut trees that were imported as nursery stock. Merkle and W. A. Murrill, a myclologist on the staff of the New York Botanical Garden, identified the disease and gave it the name of Endothia parasitica. Endothia parasitica is a fungus that produces two types of spores: one is a dry disc which is relatively large and is dispersed by the wind; the other is much smaller and sticky and is dispersed by rain. The fungus causes swollen or sunken orange-colored cankers on the limbs and trunks of the chestnut trees. The spores enter into the tree by cracks and wounds in the bark. The fungus then spreads into the inner portion of the tree and girdles the tree. The leaves above the point of infection die, followed by the limbs. Within two to ten years the entire tree is dead. The cankers spread, encircle the stem, and kill the tree above the point of infection. As the chestnut trees in the Bronx Zoo were killed back to the ground, the blight was beginning to spread. It spread northward into Connecticut and Massachusetts, and southward into New Jersey. Then it began to spread like wildfire through the eastern forests. Eventually, scientific and political leaders realized that there was a threat to the very existence of the American Chestnut and to the industries that it supported. In , special funds were appropriated to study or combat the Chestnut blight. When magnificent shade trees were dying a far south as Philadelphia, the U.S. Congress appropriated money to enable foresters to control the blight. To guide control efforts of the blight, federal and state agencies stepped up research. Scientists in Pennsylvania proved that the blight could not be controlled by tree surgery, by chemical sprays, or by injection of fungicides. In the southern Appalachains of North Carolina a plan of control called for the cutting of an isolation strip across the mountains. Since this type of quarantine was not effective, it had to be discarded. When the blight was discovered in Georgia, foresters gave up on the effort to hold a quarantine line of battle. World War I and the evident futility of control efforts caused cuts in funds for Chestnut blight research and work after Scientists, foresters, and landowners watched help- lessly as the Chestnut blight spread. By the mid-1920s, the blight was active in the southern Appalachian mountains, the location for most of the tannin extract industry. Within forty years most of the American Chestnut trees in the eastern United States were completely destroyed. American Chestnut trees killed by the blight comprised 50 per cent of the overall value of the eastern hardwood timber stands. After the blight, the economic impact of the American Chestnut was softened by the native durability of the wood. Unlike most species, which when killed deteriorate in weeks or months, the dead American Chestnut stood for decades as ghost- like forests among the mixed deciduous trees. Slowly, these dead trees lost the qualities that had made them so valuable. The nut crops and the local economy that they supported were the first to go. For about ten years after the blight, nuts were still gathered from uninfected trees high in the southern Appalachians. By 1940 there was only a minor production of nuts from the sprouts and seedlings that survived. Lumber from American Chestnut trees was still available for about ten years after the blight. Often the chestnut trees that were left standing were infested with small borers which chewed pin-sized holes into the wood. This damaged wood was called "wormy chestnut" and was used for the manufacturing of picture frames and other small articles. Ph.D. Loreto Robles Hernández, Fitopatología

17/04/2017 Tizón del castaño Cryphonectria parasitica Entra por heridas, crece dentro y por debajo de la corteza. Mata el tejido vascular en brotes, ramas y troncos infectados. No afecta debajo de la corona. Reduce el tamaño de las plantas a arbustos. Ph.D. Loreto Robles Hernández, Fitopatología

17/04/2017 La ejecución de la cuarentena en 1912 fue demasiado tarde El problema fue detectado con la entrada de castaño de viveros japoneses (Castanea crenata) Plantados e injertados con especies de castaño (1876). Para 1904 fue encontrado en Bronx Zoo, NY, USA Para 1906, diseminación en gran escala Para 1908 se salió fuera de control. Para 1989, cerca de 10,000 castaños japoneses habían sido importados. Ph.D. Loreto Robles Hernández, Fitopatología

Tizón tardío de la papa (Irlanda)
Maestría en Ciencias de la Productividad Frutícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua. 17/04/2017 Tizón tardío de la papa (Irlanda) Origen: cultivada en los Andes, Perú hace aprox./ 4,500 años (Incas) Introducida al viejo mundo por los conquistadores españoles Aunque al inicio se trato con temor y desconfianza los europeos vieron que la papa sobrevivía a condiciones que otros cultivos de granos no y Potato was a great staple food in the Andes as it was the most successful in the high, semi-arid plateaus (4,000 M). It would often succeed when other crops such as grain would fail. In additions, the potato stored well. In fact, Incans developed a method to freeze-dry potatoes. Some say a conquistador named Castellanos around 1537, along with the gold and plunder of the Incan civilization, they carried the potato (and probably more than a few Incan maidens) back to their homeland aboard their ships. At first the plant was treated with distrust and fear as some thought it was dirty, unholy and primitive. However, Europeans soon found the potato to be hardy, surviving while grain crops failed. People found it convenient to leave it in the ground for storage. Made into flour for bread, alcoholic beverage chica. Third expedition was the conquest, approved by Spain. Weakened civilization due to smallpox. Potatoes soon became a staple. Around 1663 became an established field crop in Ireland. Average Irishman consumes 8 pounds of potatoes in a day. I’m not sure how much Jack consumes. 17/04/2017 Fitopatología.

Tizón tardío de la papa (Irlanda)
Maestría en Ciencias de la Productividad Frutícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua. 17/04/2017 Tizón tardío de la papa (Irlanda) De 1500 la población creció de 3 mill a 8 mill en 1800’s 1848, tizón tardío de la papa destruyo completa/ el cultivo Años después, la población se redujo a 5 mill miles de irlandeses fueron desalojados de sus casas From 1500 the population swelled from 3 million people to 8 million by the 1800’s. In poorer parts of Ireland, the potato was the sole food crop. Somewhere around perhaps 1843, the fungus appears. By 1845, and again in 1846 and 1848, late blight (Phytophthora infestans) destroyed the crop. Years later, the population had dropped to 5 million. Death through starvation and disease. English actually paid people’s way to leave the country. 17/04/2017 Fitopatología.

La mayoría emigro a NY y Boston y se integraron en la policía
Impacto en USA Tom Volk’s Fungi La mayoría emigro a NY y Boston y se integraron en la policía O en trabajos en el ferrocarril transcontinental (Unión Pacifico). 17/04/2017

Roya del café 1600-1650- El café era muy popular en Europa
Maestría en Ciencias de la Productividad Frutícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua. 17/04/2017 Roya del café El café era muy popular en Europa Los ingleses importaban mill ton café de Sri Lanka Durante la época de Napoleón, británicos invaden Sri Lanka 1870 Sri Lanka se convierte en el primer productor de café a nivel mundial, exportando about 100 mill lb de café/año Coffee became popular in Europe during the early 1600's, contaminated water limited drinks to fermented beverages or those made with boiled water (coffee or tea). Coffee houses were extremely popular social gatherings in England in The Dutch were the first major coffee importers, using Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) as a production site. During the time of Napoleon, the British was able to rid Europe of Napoleon's armies and take the island of Ceylon. In 1825, they began development of Ceylon as a coffee producing area. By 1870, Ceylon was the world's greatest coffee producer, exporting 100 million pounds of coffee. 17/04/2017 Fitopatología.

No fungicidas disponibles para controlar enfermedad
Maestría en Ciencias de la Productividad Frutícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua. 17/04/2017 1875 árboles viejos y jóvenes infectados con Hemeleia vastatrix, roya del café Cuando la roya llega a Sri Lanka, había +-200,000 ha plantadas de árboles 1886, exportación de café baja de 100 mill lb a 18 mill lb/ año y 5 mill lb/año para 1889 No fungicidas disponibles para controlar enfermedad By the time the railway was complete to Kandy in 1875, the bearing trees were dying a quickly as the young ones were planted. The cause of the dying trees was Hemeleia vastatrix, coffee rust. When coffee rust reached Ceylon there were about 400,000 acres of trees. By 1886, the British were only exporting 18 million pounds from Ceylon and by 1889 they were only exporting 5 million pounds. There were no fungicides available to control the problem. 17/04/2017 Fitopatología.

Maestría en Ciencias de la Productividad Frutícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua. 17/04/2017 Impacto Gobierno ingles manda H. M. Ward (estudiante de Anton de Bary) a Sri Lanka Observó: esporas en germinación eran las más vulnerables a fungicidas Que los problemas eran causados por monocultivo La industria del café se cambió a Brasil y Colombia Noted: germinating spores may represent the most vulnerable stage at which to attack the fungus. (Protectant should be applied to the coffee leaves prior to spore arrival). Noted the dangers in monoculture farming. Was ignored when the dying coffee trees were replaced with tea bushes. Fortunately the fungus did not invade the tea crop. Within five years, 300,000 acres of tea bushes had replaced the dying coffee trees. 17/04/2017 Fitopatología.

Maestría en Ciencias de la Productividad Frutícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua. 17/04/2017 Tizón de la hoja de maíz A. causal: Bipolaris maydis raza T Enfermedad de maíz de poca imp. Por mucho tiempo 1970, se presenta cepa extremada/ virulenta para híbridos de maíz tejano Grandes perdidas Southern Corn Leaf Blight (fungus - Bipolaris maydis): This was a minor disease of corn for many years, with no economic effect on yield. In 1970, a highly virulent strain called Race T appeared on corn hybrids with Texas male sterile cytoplasm. Losses were severe. Symptoms of Race lesions are spindle-shaped with yellow-green halos. They will later have dark, reddish-brown borders and occur on leaves, stalks, leaf sheaths, husks, and shanks. Cob Rot ear occurs as well as ear drop. The fungus overwinters in corn debris and on seed. Wind and splashing water spread the spores rapidly in the field under ideal conditions, cycling in about 72 hours. Control with resistant hybrids. 17/04/2017 Fitopatología.

Maestría en Ciencias de la Productividad Frutícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua. 17/04/2017 Early in the 20th century breeders discovered that inbreeding corn did not increase yield, it actually decreased it. So how do they produce the corn seed? Each year they must carefully cross two inbred parental lines that are genetically different for many genes. To actually produce hybrid corn in this manner, the tassels that produce pollen at the top must be prevented from fertilizing the ears of corn on the same plant. This is done by detasseling or removing the tassels. Seed is harvested only from the rows with detasseled corn. This type of detasseling involved expensive hand labor and correct timing so as not to detassel after pollen was shed. A genetic factor was found that caused plants to become male-sterile. Plants from the female parental line no longer had to be detasseled. Since this factor was found associated with the cytoplasm it was termed Texas male-sterile cytoplasm (TMS). By 1970, nearly 80% of the hybrid field corn produced in the United States contained TMS cytoplasm. At the same time the pathogen Bipolaris maydis was undergoing a genetic change. A new race of the fungus was discovered and named Race T to differentiate it from the previously existing Race O. This new race was found to be particularly virulent on TMS corn. In many areas entire fields were lost and losses of % were common in others. What was different about this new race of B. maydis? The new race produced a toxin specific for the mitochondria of TMS-cytoplasm corn. Spots are between the veins with parallel margins, buff to reddish-brown. Infection of the stem and ear is common with Race T on T cytoplasm corn 17/04/2017 Fitopatología.

17/04/2017 3. Para mantener la sanidad de los alimentos Enfermedades por alimentos contaminados con microorganismos es uno de los problemas más serios en inocuidad agroalimentaria. El 79% de los brotes entre 1987 y fueron de origen bacteriano. Oficiales de inocuidad y salud pública atribuyen el incremento de estas enfermedades debido a las condiciones de preparación y almacén de alimentos. Editores de alimentos reportan que poco menos del 50% de los consumidores han manifestado preocupación por la seguridad de los alimentos. Afortunadamente ninguno de esos patógenos son de plantas. Ph.D. Loreto Robles Hernández, Fitopatología

17/04/2017 Por la producción de productos innovadores Transformaciones de plantas Utilización del vector pMON de Agrobacterium tumefaciens (agalla de la corona). Biocidas Maxim (Burkholderia cepacia, pudricion en la piel de la cebolla) Strobilurinas (Strobilurus species, hongo de los pinos) Medicina LSD/Ergomar (Claviceps purpurea, ergot del zacate) Ph.D. Loreto Robles Hernández, Fitopatología

17/04/2017 Ph.D. Loreto Robles Hernández, Fitopatología

17/04/2017 La fitopatología Se originó con Anton deBary Padre de la micología y fitopatología. Trabajo con el ciclo de vida de Phytophthora infestans en 1853. Demostró que era el agente causal del tizón tardío de la papa. Anton deBary, the father of mycology, worked out the life cycle of Phytophthora infestans in 1853 and showed it to cause late blight of potato, but more importantly established conclusively that fungi are causes not results of disease. Anton deBary ( ) estableció que los hongos son la causa y no la enfermedad. Ph.D. Loreto Robles Hernández, Fitopatología

17/04/2017 Contribuciones de deBary Estableció los métodos de aislamiento, cultivo e inoculación de hongos. Apoyó la teoría de la enfermedad de Luis Pasteur. Dr. of Medicine, botanist. Ph.D. Loreto Robles Hernández, Fitopatología

17/04/2017 Enfermedad, una asociación dinámica Enfermedad: Respuesta fisiológica anormal… Constante irritación: Constante, asociación íntima entre patógeno y hospedero. Agente causal: Agente responsable de la enfermedad, puede ser biótico o abiótico. Daño: Es un fenómeno que ocurre solo una vez (vaca, hombre, etc). Ph.D. Loreto Robles Hernández, Fitopatología

17/04/2017 Agentes abióticos No infecciosos Extremos ambientales (temperatura, agua,). Tóxicos químicos. Pesticidas. Contaminantes ambientales. Desordenes nutricionales. Ph.D. Loreto Robles Hernández, Fitopatología

17/04/2017 Agentes bióticos Bacterias, fitoplasmas, riquetsias Virus, viroides. Hongos, Nematodos ENFERMEDAD Ph.D. Loreto Robles Hernández, Fitopatología

17/04/2017 Relaciones biológicas Fitopatógeno: organismo capaz de causar enfermedad en plantas. La mayoría de los patógenos son parásitos que viven dentro o fuera de otro organismo y obtienen su alimento de él. Algunos patógenos no son parásitos como la fumagina. Algunos parásitos no son patógenos como las bacterias fijadoras del N Ph.D. Loreto Robles Hernández, Fitopatología

17/04/2017 Tipos de parasitismo Parasito obligado Puede crecer y reproducirse solo en asociación con el hospedero vivo, no son cultivables (cenicillas, bacterias fastidiosas). Saprofito facultativo Son preferentemente parásitos, pero bajo condiciones de estrés sobreviven en materia orgánica muerta. Parásito facultativo Son saprofitos de preferencia pero puede ser parásito bajo condiciones favorables. Saprofito Utiliza material orgánico muerto para su alimentación Ph.D. Loreto Robles Hernández, Fitopatología

17/04/2017 Triángulo de la enfermedad Hospedero Planta Agente causal Biótico Abiótico Medio ambiente Clima Nutrición Suelo Agua Tiempo y acción del hombre Ph.D. Loreto Robles Hernández, Fitopatología

Maestría en Ciencias de la Productividad Frutícola, FACIATEC, UACH

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