Gramática Unidad 4 Avancemos II. Past participles, p. 202  This is the “-ed” verb ending in English.  Drop the verb infinitive ending and add: “-ar”

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Gramática Unidad 4 Avancemos II

Past participles, p. 202  This is the “-ed” verb ending in English.  Drop the verb infinitive ending and add: “-ar” verbs > “-ado” “-ar” verbs > “-ado” “-er and –ir” verbs > “-ido” “-er and –ir” verbs > “-ido” Make the ending agree masculine/feminine and singular/plural based upon the noun described. La oficina está cerrada. (The office is closed.) Estamos perdidos. (We are lost.) Carmen está bien vestida hoy. (Carmen is well dressed today.) *If the verb is reflexive, drop the “se” from the infinitive. Completa Act. 4, p. 202

The Imperfect Tense (el Imperfecto) p. 203  Expresses “used to (verb)” OR “was (verb)-ing”.  Action was not completed or perfected in the past.  Uses: what was happening what used to be done what used to be done the age of someone the age of someone the time it was the time it was

El Imperfecto (cont’d), p. 203  For “ar” verbs, drop “ar” from the infinitive and add: yo estaba tú estabas él, ella, Ud. estaba nosotros/as estábamos vosotros/as estabais ellos, ellas, Uds. estaban

El Imperfecto (cont’d), p. 203  For “er” verbs, drop “er” from the infinitive and add: yo hacía tú hacías él, ella, Ud. hacía nosotros/as hacíamos vosotros/as hacíais ellos, ellas, Uds. hacían

El Imperfecto (cont’d), p. 203  For “-ir” verbs, drop “ir” from the infinitive and add: yo salía tú salías él, ella, Ud. salía nosotros/as salíamos vosotros/as salíais ellos, ellas, Uds. salían

El Imperfecto de “ser”, “ir”, “ver” “ser” “ser” yo era tú eras él era nosotros éramos vosotros erais ellos eran “ver”veíaveíasveíaveíamosveíaisveían “ir” iba ibas iba íbamos ibais iban These are the only irregular imperfect tense verbs.

Ejemplos del imperfecto  Él estaba aquí cuando yo hacía el pastel. (He was here when I was making the cake.)  Cuando yo era niña, íbamos a la playa. (When I was little, we used to go to the beach.) Completa Act. 6, p. 204

El pretérito vs. el imperfecto p. 208 El pretérito  Past action started and ended at a definite time. La guerra empezó en (The war began in 1846.) Santa Ana fue presidente de México. (Santa Ana was “once” the president of Mexico.)  El imperfecto  Past action does not specify when begun or ended. Los guerreros no tenían miedo del enemigo. (The warriors were not afraid of the enemy.) El ejército peleaba valientemente. (The army fought bravely.)

El pretérito vs. el imperfecto(cont’d) p. 208  BOTH tenses can be used about two overlapping events:  The preterite of the action that occurred  The imperfect for what was going on at the time Cuando la guerra terminó, Santa Ana era presidente de México. (When the war ended, Santa Ana was “unspecified time” president of Mexico.) Completa Act. 12, 13, p. 209

Pretérito de “leer” y “construir” p. 226  Leer leíleíste leyó leímosleísteis leyeron  Construir construíconstruiste construyó construimosconstruisteis construyeron  Verbs like leer & construir change the “I” to “y” in the él, ella, Ud. and ellos, ellas, Uds. forms of the preterite. *notice accents in “leer” Completa Act. 4, p. 226

Pretérito de verbos “-car”, “-zar”, “-gar ” p. 227  Spelling changes in “yo” form in order to maintain their pronunciation. “-car” verbs “buscar” > “c” becomes “qu” = (yo) busqué Other “-car” verbs: sacar, tocar “-gar” verbs “pagar” > “g” becomes “gu” = (yo) pagué Other “-gar” verbs: llegar, jugar “-zar” verbs “empezar” > “z” becomes “c” = (yo) empecé Other “-zar” verbs: almorzar, comenzar

 tú form  ¿Buscaste las ruinas? (Did you look for the ruins?)  ¿Pagaste la cuenta? (Did you pay the bill?)  ¿Cuándo empezaste la excavación? (When did you begin the excavation?)  yo form  Sí, busqué las ruinas. (Yes, I looked for the ruins.)  No, no pagué la cuenta. (No, I didn’t pay the bill.)  Empecé la excavación ayer. (I began the excavation yesterday.) Examples of spell-changing verbs Completa Act. 5, p. 228 & Act. 7, p. 229

Verbos irregulares en el pretérito p. 232  ‘venir’, ‘querer’, ‘decir’, and ‘traer’ are irregular in the preterite. venir= to comequerer= to want vinequise vinistequisiste vinoquiso vinimosquisimos vinisteisquisisteis vinieronquisieron * Querer means “tried” in the preterite. Quisimos ver las ruinas, pero no pudimos.

“decir” y “traer”, p. 232 decir= to say, to telltraer= to bring dijetraje dijistetrajiste dijotrajo dijimostrajimos dijisteistrajisteis dijerontrajeron Notice “j” spell change.Notice “j” spell change. Ellos trajeron unas cerámicas de México. (They brought some ceramics from Mexico.)Ellos trajeron unas cerámicas de México. (They brought some ceramics from Mexico.) Marcos me dijo que están hechas a mano. (Marcos told me that they’re handmade.)Marcos me dijo que están hechas a mano. (Marcos told me that they’re handmade.) Completa Act. 11, 12, p. 233 Completa Act. 11, 12, p. 233