CuentaCuenta Una cuenta es un registro individual de contabilidad donde se registran aumentos y disminuciones de un activo, deuda, o owner’s equity especifico. Una compañía va a tener cuentas separadas para cash, salaries expense, accounts payable, etc.

ILLUSTRATION 2-1 Forma básica de una cuenta Lado Izquierdo o Debito Titulo de la cuenta Lado derecho o Credito Balance debitoBalance credito En su forma mas simple, una cuenta consiste en : 1 el titulo de la cuenta, 2 un lado izquierdo o un lado debito 3 un lado derecho o un lado credito El arreglo de estas partes se parece a una letra T, y por eso se le conoce como cuentas T

Debitos y Créditos El termino debito significa izquierda y credito significa derecha El acto de entrar una cantidad en el lado izquierdo de una cuenta se le conoce como debitar y hacer una entrada en el lado derecho se le conoce como acreditar. Cuando la cantidad de los debitos excede los creditos, la cuenta tiene un balance debito; cuando ocurre lo contrario tiene un balance credito DRCR

ILLUSTRATION 2-2 TABULAR SUMMARY COMPARED TO ACCOUNT FORM Resumen Tabular Cash $15, ,000 1,200 1, , ,300 Cash DebitCredit 15,000 1,200 1, ,000 1,700 1, Balance Forma de cuenta $ 8,050 (Debit)

Cash Debito Crédito 15,000 Example: Inversion inical del dueño del negocio de $15,000 Cash es debitado y the owner’s Capital es acreditado. Debitando una cuenta

Example: Renta mensual de $7,000 es pagada. Se acredita Cash y se debita Rent Expense Acreditar una cuenta Cash DebitsCredits 7,000

Debitando Y Acreditando una cuenta Cash DebitsCredits 15,0007,000 8,000 Example: Cash es debitado por $15,000 y acreditado por $7,000, dejando un balance debito de $8,000.

Sistema de doble entrada En un sistema de doble entrada (double-entry system), debitos y creditos iguales son realizados a las cuentas para cada transaccion Asi, el total de debitos va a ser igual al total de creditos y la ecuacion siempre se queda balanceada AssetsLiabilitiesEquity

Efectos de los Debitos y Créditos en los Activos y las Deudas DebitosCréditos Aumento en activo Disminuye activo Disminuye deuda Aumenta la deuda

Balance Normal Cada clasificacion de cuentas tiene un balance normal ya sea credito o debito. Para una cuenta en particular, el lado opuesto de una cuenta no debe exceder el balance normal.

Balances Normales Activos y Pasivos Balances Normales Activos y Pasivos Activos (Assets) Aumentan Disminuyen Debito Crédito Disminuye Aumento Debito Credito Deudas (Liabilities) Balance Normal Balance Normal

ILLUSTRATION 2-5 Efectos de Debito y Credito-- OWNER’S CAPITAL DebitosCreditos Disminucion owner’s capital Aumento owner’s capital

NORMAL BALANCE OWNER’S CAPITAL NORMAL BALANCE OWNER’S CAPITAL Owner’s Capital Disminuyen Aumentan Debito Credito Normal Balance

DEBIT AND CREDIT EFFECTS OWNER’S DRAWING DEBIT AND CREDIT EFFECTS OWNER’S DRAWING DebitsCredits Aumentan los retiros del Disminucion los retiros del dueño dueño

ILLUSTRATION 2-8 NORMAL BALANCE — OWNER’S DRAWING Owner’s Drawing Balance Normal Debito para Aumentar Credito para Disminuir

Efectos de los debitos y Creditos en los Ingresos y los Gastos Efectos de los debitos y Creditos en los Ingresos y los Gastos DebitosCreditos Disminuyen los Ingresos Aumentan los gastosDisminuyen los Gastos Aumentan los Ingresos

Balances normales Ingresos & Gastos Balances normales Ingresos & Gastos Gastos (expenses) Ingresos (revenues) Balance Normal Credito Aumenta Debito Disminuye Credito Disminuye Debito Aumentan Balance Normal

ILLUSTRATION 2-11 EXPANDED BASIC EQUATION AND DEBIT/CREDIT RULES AND EFFECTS Liabilities Assets Owner’s Equity =+- += +- Assets Dr.Cr. + - Liabilities Dr.Cr. - + Dr.Cr. Owner’s Drawing + - Dr.Cr. Revenues - + Dr.Cr. Expenses + - Dr.Cr. Owner’s Capital - +

STUDY OBJECTIVE 3 Identify the basic steps in the recording process.

Los pasos basicos en el proceso de registro son: 1 Analizar cada transaccion para ver los efectos en las cuentas 2 Entrar la informacion en un jornal 3 Transferir la informacion del jornal a las cuentas en el mayor STEPS IN THE RECORDING PROCESS

ILLUSTRATION 2-12 THE RECORDING PROCESS 1 Analyze each transaction 2 Enter transaction in a journal 3 Transfer journal information to ledger accounts JOURNAL LEDGER

STUDY OBJECTIVE 4 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.

El Jornal Transacciones son registradas inicialmente en orden cronologico en un jornal antes de transferirse a las cuentas. Cada compania tiene un jornal general el cual contiene: 1 Espacio para la fechas, 2 titulos de las cuentas y explicaciones, 3 referencias 4 dos columnas de cantidad

El jornal hace varias contribuciones en el proceso de registro: 1 Divulga en un solo lugar el efecto completo de la transaccion 2 Provee registro cronologico de cada transaccion 3 Ayuda a prevenir y localizar errores ya que las cantidades pueden ser comparadas una con la otra THE JOURNAL

JOURNALIZINGJOURNALIZING Entrar data en el jornal se conoce como jornalizacion Entradas separadas se hacen para cada transaccion Una entrada completa consiste de : 1 la fecha de la transaccion 2 la cuenta y cantidades a debitar y acreditar 3 una explicacion breve de la transaccion

ILLUSTRATION 2-13 TECHNIQUE OF JOURNALIZING The date of the transaction is entered in the date column.

ILLUSTRATION 2-13 TECHNIQUE OF JOURNALIZING Los titulos de la cuenta que se debita se entran en el margen izquierdo de la columna de titulos de cuenta y explicacion. Las cuentas credito se indenta hacia la derecha del margen.

ILLUSTRATION 2-13 TECHNIQUE OF JOURNALIZING La cantidad para los debitos se registra en la columna de debito y la cantidad para los creditos se registra en la columna credito.

ILLUSTRATION 2-13 TECHNIQUE OF JOURNALIZING Una breve explicacion de la transaccion es dada.

ILLUSTRATION 2-13 TECHNIQUE OF JOURNALIZING Un espacio se deja entre entradas de jornal. El espacio en blanco separa entradas individuales y hace que el jornal se pueda leer mas facil.

ILLUSTRATION 2-13 TECHNIQUE OF JOURNALIZING La columna titulada Ref. Se deja en blanco al momento de que se hace la entrada de jornal y se usa luego cuando las entradas se transfieren al mayor.

Si una entrada tiene dos cuentas, una debito y una credto se considera como una entrada simple. SIMPLE AND COMPOUND JOURNAL ENTRIES

Cuando tres o mas cuentas se requieren en una entrada de jornal, la entrada se conoce como entrada compuesta ILLUSTRATION 2-14 COMPOUND JOURNAL ENTRY 2 1 3

COMPOUND JOURNAL ENTRY Este es el formato erroneo; TODOS los debitos deben listarse antes de los creditos

STUDY OBJECTIVE 5 Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.

El mayor El grupo entero de cuentas que mantiene una compania se conoce como ledger (mayor). Un general ledger (mayor general) contiene todas las cuentas de activos, deudas y owner’s equity. GENERAL LEDGER

Individual Liabilities Individual Assets Individual Owner’s Equity ILLUSTRATION 2-15 THE GENERAL LEDGER Equipment Land Supplies Cash Interest Payable Salaries Payable Accounts Payable Notes Payable Salaries Payable Fees Earned J. Lind, Drawing J. Lind, Capital

STUDY OBJECTIVE 6 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.

ILLUSTRATION 2-17 POSTING A JOURNAL ENTRY In the ledger, enter in the appropriate columns of the account(s) debited the date, journal page, and debit amount shown in the journal.

ILLUSTRATION 2-17 POSTING A JOURNAL ENTRY In the reference column of the journal, write the account number to which the debit amount was posted.

ILLUSTRATION 2-17 POSTING A JOURNAL ENTRY In the ledger, enter in the appropriate columns of the account(s) credited the date, journal page, and credit amount shown in the journal.

ILLUSTRATION 2-17 POSTING A JOURNAL ENTRY In the reference column of the journal, write the account number to which the credit amount was posted.

Muchas companias tienen un chart of accounts (carta de cuenta) que enlista las cuentas y los numeros de cuenta la cual identifica la localizacion en el mayor CHART OF ACCOUNTS

Inversion de Cash por el dueño Analisis Basico Analisis Debit-Credit Transaccion Octubre 1, C.R. Byrd invierte $10,000 en efectivo en un sociedad de publicidad que se conoce como Pioneer Advertising Agency. Los activos Cash se aumentan $10,000, y el owner’s equity C. R. Byrd, Capital se aumenta por $10,000. Debito aumenta los activos: debito Cash $10,000. Credito aumentan owner’s equity: credit C.R. Byrd, Capital $10,000.

ILLUSTRATION 2-19 INVESTMENT OF CASH BY OWNER JOURNAL ENTRY POSTING

PURCHASE OF OFFICE EQUIPMENT PURCHASE OF OFFICE EQUIPMENT Analisis Basico Analisis Debit-Credit Transaccion October 1, Se compra equipo de oficina costando $5,000 y se compra mediante el uso de una nota por pagar de 3-meses, 12%, $5,000. Los activos Office Equipment se aumentan por $5,000, y las Notes Payable se aumentan por $5,000. Debito aumentan los activos: debit Office Equipment $5,000. Creditos aumentan deudas: credit Notes Payable $5,000.

ILLUSTRATION 2-20 PURCHASE OF OFFICE EQUIPMENT JOURNAL ENTRY POSTING

ILLUSTRATION 2-21 RECEIPT OF CASH FOR FUTURE SERVICE Basic Analysis Debit-Credit Analysis Transaction October 2, a $1,200 cash advance is received from R. Knox, a client, for advertising services that are expected to be completed by December 31. The asset Cash is increased $1,200; the liability Unearned Fees is increased $1,200 because the service has not been rendered yet. Note that although many liabilities have the word “payable” in their title, unearned fees are considered a liability even though the word payable is not used. Debits increase assets: debit Cash $1,200. Credits increase liabilities: credit Unearned Fees $1,200.

ILLUSTRATION 2-21 RECEIPT OF CASH FOR FUTURE SERVICE JOURNAL ENTRY POSTING

ILLUSTRATION 2-22 PAYMENT OF MONTHLY RENT Basic Analysis Debit-Credit Analysis Transaction October 3, office rent for October is paid in cash, $900. The expense Rent is increased $900 because the payment pertains only to the current month; the asset Cash is decreased $900. Debits increase expenses: debit Rent Expense $900. Credits decrease assets: credit Cash $900.

ILLUSTRATION 2-22 PAYMENT OF MONTHLY RENT JOURNAL ENTRY POSTING

ILLUSTRATION 2-23 PAYMENT FOR INSURANCE The asset Prepaid Insurance is increased $600 because the payment extends to more than the current month; the asset Cash is decreased $600. Note that payments of expenses that will benefit more than one accounting period are identified as prepaid expenses or prepayments. When a payment is made, an asset account is debited in order to show the service or benefit that will be received in the future. Transaction October 4, $600 is paid for a one-year insurance policy that will expire next year on September 30. Debit-Credit Analysis Debits increase assets: debit Prepaid Insurance $600. Credits decrease assets: credit Cash $600. Basic Analysis

ILLUSTRATION 2-23 PAYMENT FOR INSURANCE JOURNAL ENTRY POSTING

ILLUSTRATION 2-24 PURCHASE OF SUPPLIES ON CREDIT Basic Analysis Debit-Credit Analysis Transaction October 5, an estimated 3-month supply of advertising materials is purchased on account from Aero Supply for $2,500. The asset Advertising Supplies is increased $2,500; the liability Accounts Payable is increased $2,500. Debits increase assets: debit Advertising Supplies $2,500. Credits increase liabilities: credit Accounts Payable $2,500.

ILLUSTRATION 2-24 PURCHASE OF SUPPLIES ON CREDIT JOURNAL ENTRY POSTING

ILLUSTRATION 2-25 HIRING OF EMPLOYEES Basic Analysis Debit-Credit Analysis Transaction October 9, hire four employees to begin work on October 15. Each employee is to receive a weekly salary of $500 for a 5-day work week, payable every 2 weeks -- first payment made on October 26. A business transaction has not occurred. There is only an agreement between the employer and the employees to enter into a business transaction beginning on October 15. A debit-credit analysis is not needed because there is no accounting entry.

ILLUSTRATION 2-26 WITHDRAWAL OF CASH BY OWNER Basic Analysis Debit-Credit Analysis Transaction October 20, C. R. Byrd withdraws $500 cash for personal use. The owner’s equity account C. R. Byrd, Drawing is increased $500; the asset Cash is decreased $500. Debits increase drawings: debit C. R. Byrd, Drawing $500. Credits decrease assets: credit Cash $500.

ILLUSTRATION 2-26 WITHDRAWAL OF CASH BY OWNER JOURNAL ENTRY POSTING

ILLUSTRATION 2-27 PAYMENT OF SALARIES Basic Analysis Debit-Credit Analysis Transaction October 26, employee salaries of $4,000 are owed and paid in cash. (See October 9 transaction.) The expense account Salaries Expense is increased $4,000; the asset Cash is decreased $4,000. Debits increase expenses: debit Salaries Expense $4,000. Credits decrease assets: credit Cash $4,000.

ILLUSTRATION 2-27 PAYMENT OF SALARIES JOURNAL ENTRY POSTING

ILLUSTRATION 2-28 RECEIPT OF CASH FOR FEES EARNED Basic Analysis Debit-Credit Analysis Transaction October 31, received $10,000 in cash from Copa Company for advertising services rendered in October. The asset Cash is increased $10,000; the revenue Fees Earned is increased $10,000. Debits increase assets: debit Cash $10,000. Credits increase revenues: credit Fees Earned $10,000.

ILLUSTRATION 2-28 RECEIPT OF CASH FOR FEES EARNED JOURNAL ENTRY POSTING

STUDY OBJECTIVE 7 Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.

THE TRIAL BALANCE Un trial balance es una lista de las cuentas y su balance a un tiempo especifico. El proposito primordial del trial balance es verificar si los debitos igualan los creditos luego del posteo Si los debitos no concuerdadn el reporte se usa para descubrir errores de jornalizacion y posteo El procedimiento para preparar el trial balance consiste de: 1 Enlistar los titulos de la cuenta y sus balances 2 Totalizar las columnas de debito y credito 3 Proveer la igualdad de las dos columnas

The total debits must equal the total credits. ILLUSTRATION 2-31 A TRIAL BALANCE

LIMITATIONS OF A TRIAL BALANCE Un trial balance no provee que todas las transacciones han sido registradas o que el mayor esta correcto Numerosos errores pueden existir aunque las columnas cuadresn. The trial balance puede cuadrar aunque: 1 una transaccion no se jornalize 2 una entrada de jornal correcta no se postee 3 se postee doble 4 cuentas incorrectas son usadas 5 offsetting errors are made in recording the amount of the transaction.