El repaso de los conceptos y las respuestas Español 4 AP/IB

 Unit 1  Present Tense  Reflexives  Preterite Tense  Unit 2  Irregular Present Tense  Irregular Preterite Tense  Imperfect Tense

 You will have an exam on the concepts found in the Summer Work on Tuesday!  You must…  Know how to conjugate all the verbs  Know what all the verbs mean  Understand their uses and be able to distinguish when to use which tense

yo (I) tú (you/familiar) usted (you/formal), él (he), ella (she) nosotros/as (we) vosotros/as (you/familiar)* ustedes (you/formal), ellos/as (they)

 In Spanish, each verb tense has specific endings that agree with the subject in person (1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd person) and in number (singular or plural).  Since the verb usually makes clear who the subject is, Spanish subject pronouns are often omitted even when they refer to a person.  Subject pronouns are generally used for emphasis, for clarification, and in the case of Ud. And Uds., for politeness.

-o -as -a -amos -an  ¿Cuáles son los verbos más útiles que acaban en –ar y son regulares?

-o -es -e -emos -en  ¿Cuáles son los verbos más útiles que acaban en –er y son regulares?

-o -es -e -imos -en  ¿Qué es la única diferencia entre estos verbos y los que acaban en –er?  ¿Cuáles son los verbos más útiles que acaban en –ir y son regulares?

 Now use the answer packet to correct your work on pp  Please do not write on the answer packet. Only write on your own work.

CERRAR (TO CLOSE, TO SHUT)PERDER (TO LOSE) cierro cierras cierra cerramos cierran pierdo pierdes pierde perdemos pierden

 Atravesar (to cross)  Comenzar (to begin)  Confesar (to confess)  Despertar (to awaken)  Despertarse (to wake up)  Empezar (to begin)  Encerrar (to enclose/lock in)  Negar (to deny)  Nevar (to snow)  Pensar (to think)  Recomendar (to recommend)  Sentar (to seat)  Sentarse (to sit down)  Temblar (to tremble)

 Defender (to defend)  Encender (to light, to ignite)  Querer (to want)  Entender (to understand)

PREFERIR (TO PREFER)VERBS LIKE PREFERIR prefiero prefieres prefiere preferimos prefieren  Advertir (to notify, to warn)  Convertir (to convert)  Convertirse en (to turn into, to become)  Divertir (to amuse)  Divertirse (to have fun, to have a good time)  Mentir (to lie)  Sentir (to feel bad/sorry, to regret)  Sentirse (to feel..well, sick, etc.)

CONTAR (TO COUNT, TO TELL)VOLVER (TO RETURN, TO GO BACK) cuento cuentas cuenta contamos cuentan vuelvo vuelves vuelve volvemos vuelven

 Acordarse (de) (to remember)  Acostar (to put to bed)  Acostarse (to go to bed)  Almorzar (to have lunch)  Costar (to cost)  Demostrar (to demonstrate)  Encontrar (to find)  Encontrarse (to find onself/be somewhere)  Jugar (u  ue) (to play)  Mostrar (to show)  Probar (to try, to taste)  Probarse (to try on)  Recordar (to remember)  Rogar (to beg, to ask, to request)  Sonar (to ring, to sound)  Soñar (con) (to dream)  Volar (to fly)

 Devolver (to return, to give back)  Doler (to pain, to ache)  Envolver (to wrap)  Llover (to rain)  Mover (to move)  Poder (to be able)  Resolver (to solve, to resolve)  Soler (to be in the habit of, to be accustomed to)

DORMIR (TO SLEEP)VERBS LIKE DORMIR duermo duermes duerme dormimos duermen  Dormirse (to fall asleep)  Morir (to die)

REPETIR (TO REPEAT)VERBS LIKE REPETIR repito repites repite repetimos repiten  Conseguir* (to get, obtain)  Despedir (to fire, let go)  Despedirse (de) (to say goodbye to)  Medir (to measure)  Pedir (to request, ask for)  Reír(se) (to laugh)  Seguir* (to follow, continue)  Servir (to serve)  Sonreír(se) (to smile)  Vestir (to dress)  Vestirse (to get dressed)

 Now use the answer packet to correct your work on pp

 Some verbs ending in – iar or –uar stress the “i” or the “u” in the singular and the third person plural.  Verbs like continuar:  Actuar (to act)  Graduarse (to graduate) continúo continúas continúa continuamos continúan

confío confías confía confiamos confían  Verbs like confiar (to trust, to confide in, to rely on):  Enviar (to send)  Esquiar (to ski)  Guiar (to guide)  Resfriarse (to catch a cold)  Variar (to vary)

 A “y” is inserted after the “u” in the first, second, and third person singular and the third person plural (aka every form except…) for all verbs which end in – uir…but NOT –guir. construyo construyes construye construimos construyen

 Concluir (to conclude)  Contribuir (to contribute)  Destruir (to destroy)  Distribuir (to distribute)  Incluir (to include)  Influir (to influence)  Sustituir (to substitute)

 Use the present tense even when something is not presently in progress, if it’s happened before and will happen again.  El cartero trae la correspondencia por la tarde.  The mailmail brings the mail in the afternoon.  Antonio siempre llega a eso de las dos.  Antonio always arrives at about two o’clock.

 Duh.  En este momento yo armo una tienda y Juan duerme en un saco para dormir.*  At this moment I am putting up a tent and John is sleeping in a sleeping bag.  *It’s also appropriate to use the present progressive (estoy armando/está durmiendo…) for a sentence like this, but the present tense itself is MUCH more commonly used by Spanish speakers.

 We do this commonly in English, too!  Salgo para Boston el viernes porque Teresa y Jorge se casan el sábado.  I am leaving for Boston on Friday because Theresa and Jorge are getting married on Saturday.

 There are two special constructions that refer to actions or conditions that began in the past and which are still going on in the present.  Hace + expression of time + que + present tense verb  OR  Present tense verb + hace + expression of time

 Hace cinco años que vivo en los Estados Unidos.  Vivo en los Estados Unidos hace cinco años.  I have been living in the United States for five years.  Hace dos horas que los actores ensayan.  Los actores ensayan hace dos horas.  The actors have been rehearsing for two hours.

 To ask how long someone has been doing something:  ¿Cuánto [tiempo] hace que + present tense?  OR  ¿Hace cuánto [tiempo] que + present tense?  ¿Cuánto [tiempo] hace que vives en los Estados Unidos?  ¿Hace cuánto [tiempo] que ensayan los actores?

 Another way to use the present tense to refer to actions or conditions that began in the past and are still going on in the present is by using this construction:  Present tense + desde hace + expression of time  Or  Desde hace + expression of time + present tense

 Vivo en los Estados Unidos desde hace cinco años.  Desde hace cinco años vivo en los Estados Unidos.  I’ve been living in the United States for five years.  Los actores ensayan desde hace dos horas.  Desde hace dos horas los actores ensayan.  The actors have been rehearsing for two hours.

 ¿Desde cuándo + present tense?  ¿Desde cuándo (vives en los Estados Unidos/ensayan los actores)?  Since when…?

-é -aste -ó -amos -aron  Ej.: Cantar (to sing): canté, cantaste, cantó, cantamos, cantaron  ¿De qué nos damos cuenta en las conjugaciones del pretérito en los verbos que acaban en –ar?

-í -iste -ió -imos -ieron  ¡La conjugación de los verbos que acaban en – er y los que acaban en – ir es la MISMA!

 Use the preterite for simple or isolated actions or events that occurred during or at a specific time in the past.  Compré un diccionario antes de escribir la composición.  I bought a dictionary yesterday before writing the essay/composition.

 Use the preterite for actions or events that were repeated a specific number of times in the past.  Escribimos la composición tres veces.  We wrote the composition three times.

 Use the preterite for a quality or state of being within a specific, definite period of time.  Juan se sintio enfermo anoche.  Juan felt sick last night.

 Don’t worry about this just yet. It’s coming…