Sumideros de Carbono en la biosfera

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Sumideros de Carbono en la biosfera Asignatura 1.02 Sumideros de Carbono en la biosfera Accumulation-release of carbon in the marine reservoires Temporal evolution of CO2 in the ocean Marta Álvarez Rodríguez marta.alvarez@co.ieo.es IEO A Coruña Palma de Mallorca, March 2012

Sumideros de Carbono en la biosfera Asignatura 1.02 Sumideros de Carbono en la biosfera Martes 6: - Repaso de conceptos sobre química CO2 en agua de mar y Carbono antropogénico. (30 min) - Tema: Evolución temporal del CO2 en el océano I (1 h y 15 min) - Tarde: workshop - case study: CANT in the subtropical Indian Ocean, uso del ODV (2 horas) Miércoles 7: - Tema: Evolución temporal del CO2 en el océano II (1 h y 45 min) - Tema: Evolución temporal del CO2 en el océano III (1 h y 45 min) - Tarde: Cine y debate: efectos de la acidificación sobre océanos (2 horas)

Global carbon cycle Global carbon cycle +65 -125 1.7 Land use change +18 21.9 20 1.9 Land sink 1.6 +100 5.4 -220 +161 & the anthropogenic perturbation http://co2now.org/Current-CO2/CO2-Trend/ PgC/yr = 10 15 gC = 1 000 000 000 tons = 1 billón de kilos 1 tonelada = 1 000 000 gC = 1000 kilos

Carbon pumps IPCC 2007 Report. Figure 7.10. Three main ocean carbon pumps govern the regulation of natural atmospheric CO2 changes by the ocean (Heinze et al., 1991): the solubility pump, the organic carbon pump and the CaCO3 ‘counter pump’. The oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 is dominated by inorganic carbon uptake at the ocean surface and physical transport of anthropogenic carbon from the surface to deeper layers. For a constant ocean circulation, to first order, the biological carbon pumps remain unaffected because nutrient cycling does not change. If the ocean circulation slows down, anthropogenic carbon uptake is dominated by inorganic buffering and physical transport as before, but the marine particle flux can reach greater depths if its sinking speed does not change, leading to a biologically induced negative feedback that is expected to be smaller than the positive feedback associated with a slower physical downward mixing of anthropogenic carbon. Reprinted with permission, copyright 1991 American Geophysical Union.

CO2 system in the ocean pCO2 = [CO2]/0(S,T) pH= -log [H3O+] Any two carbonate system parameters fix the values of all the rest K0 pH= -log [H3O+] K1 CT=[CO2] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-] Mass balance K2 TA = AT=[HCO3-]+2·[CO32-]+[B(OH)4-]+[OH-]-[H3O+] Charge balance CO2 / DIC / TIC / CT pH 5 species (unknowns) H2CO3* , HCO3– , CO3–2 , H+ , OH– 3 equilibrium equations K1, K2, Kw 1 concentration condition DIC 1 proton condition TA

Acidification in the ocean Figura 1. Química de la acidificación oceánica, reacciones y evolución temporal. (A) Visión esquemática de la perturbación antropogénica del ciclo del carbono en los mares y océanos, con los equilibrios químicos en los cuales interviene el CO2 cuando es absorbido por el agua de mar. K1 y K2 son las constantes de disociación del ácido carbónico y del ión bicarbonato, respectivamente. Los rectángulos muestran especies químicas que verán aumentada su concentración, y los elipsoides muestran aquellas especies que sufrirán una disminución. (B) Evolución promediada del pH global superficial (naranja), del CO2 atmosférico (magenta), del ión bicarbonato (verde) y del ión carbonato (azul) desde el año 1820 hasta el año 2000, y proyecciones futuras hasta el año 2100, según datos de Steinacher et al. (2009) y cálculos de Pelejero et al. (2010). La nube de puntos grises contiene los valores de pH del agua superficial en la última década (promedio de los primeros 50 m de profundidad de todos los océanos), mostrando el grado de heterogeneidad espacial que presenta este parámetro químico del agua del mar. Figuras adaptadas de Pelejero et al. (2010).

CANT estimation in the ocean: back-calculation technique Gruber et al (1996) To separate the anthropogenic CO2 signal from the natural variability in DIC. This requires the removal of the change in DIC that incurred since the water left the surface ocean due to remineralization of organic matter and dissolution of CaCO3 (DDICbio), and a concentration, DICsfc-pi , that reflects the DIC content a water parcel had at the outcrop in pre-industrial times, the equilibrium concentration plus any disequilibrium Thus, DCant = DIC - DDICbio - DICsfc-pi = DIC – DDICbio – DIC280 - DDICdis Assumptions: natural carbon cycle has remained in steady-state

Inventory of CANT for year 1994 = 110 ± 13 Pg C CANT distribution in the ocean Inventory of CANT for year 1994 = 110 ± 13 Pg C 15% area 25% inventorio Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean 20.3  3 Pg 44.8  6 Pg 44.5  5 Pg (Sabine et al, Science 2004)