Lección 12: Gramática 1.El subjuntivo para expresar lo indefinido y lo no existente 2.Las formas imperativas de tú y de vosotros 3.Verbos y preposiciones.

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Lección 12: Gramática 1.El subjuntivo para expresar lo indefinido y lo no existente 2.Las formas imperativas de tú y de vosotros 3.Verbos y preposiciones 4.Números ordinales

El subjuntivo para expresar lo indefinido y lo no existente (1) The subjunctive is always used in the subordinate clause when the main clause refers to something or someone that is indefinite, unspecified, hypothetical, or nonexistent. —¿Hay alguna excursión que incluya el hotel? “Is there any tour that includes the hotel?” —No, no hay ninguna que lo incluya. “No, there is not any that includes it.”

- Necesito un secretario que hable francés. “I need a secretary who speaks French.” - No conozco a nadie que hable francés. “I don’t know anyone who speaks French.” El subjuntivo para expresar lo indefinido y lo no existente (2)

El subjuntivo para expresar lo indefinido y lo no existente (3) - Estamos buscando un restaurante donde sirvan comida italiana. “We’re looking for a restaurant where they serve Italian food.” - Hay varios restaurantes donde sirven comida italiana. “There are several restaurants where they serve Italian food.”

El subjuntivo para expresar lo indefinido y lo no existente (4) If the subordinate clause refers to existent, definite, or specified persons or things, the indicative is used instead of the subjunctive. Hay varios restaurantes donde sirven comida italiana.

El subjuntivo para expresar lo indefinido y lo no existente (5)

Las formas imperativas de tú y de vosotros (1) Regular affirmative commands in the tú form have exactly the same forms as the third- person singular (él form) of the present indicative.

Las formas imperativas de tú y de vosotros (2) - ¿Qué quieres que haga ahora? “What do you want me to do now?” - Compra los billetes para el viaje. “Buy the tickets for the trip.” - ¿Vas a poner el equipaje aquí? “Are you going to put the luggage here?” - Sí, tráeme las maletas y el bolso de mano. “Yes, bring me the suitcases and the carry-on bag.”

Las formas imperativas de tú y de vosotros (3) As with the formal commands, direct, indirect, and reflexive pronouns are always placed after an affirmative command and are attached to it. A written accent must be placed on the stressed syllable.

Las formas imperativas de tú y de vosotros (4) Eight Spanish verbs are irregular in the affirmative command for the tú form. They are listed below. Decir di Salir sal Hacer haz Ser sé Ir ve 1 Tener ten Poner pon Venir ven

Las formas imperativas de tú y de vosotros (5) - Dime, ¿a qué hora quieres que venga? “Tell me, at what time do you want me to come?” - Ven a las ocho. “Come at eight.” - Hazme un favor: pon estos folletos en la mesa. “Do me a favor: put these brochures on the table.” - Sí, en seguida. “Yes, right away.”

Las formas imperativas de tú y de vosotros (6) The affirmative command form for vosotros is formed by changing the final r of the infinitive to d.

Las formas imperativas de tú y de vosotros (7) When the affirmative command of vosotros is used with the reflexive pronoun os, the final d is dropped. bañarbañadbañaos ponerponedponeos vestirvestidvestíos 2

Las formas imperativas de tú y de vosotros (8) Bañaos antes de cenar.Bathe before dinner. Poneos los zapatos. Put your shoes on. Vestíos aquí. Get dressed here. Only one verb doesn’t drop the final d when the os is added. irse ¡Idos! Go away!

Las formas imperativas de tú y de vosotros (9) The negative commands of tú and vosotros use the corresponding forms of the present subjunctive. hablarno hables tú no habléis vosotros venderno vendas tú no vendáis vosotros decirno digas tú no digáis vosotros salirno salgas túno salgáis vosotros

Las formas imperativas de tú y de vosotros (10) - No vayas a la agencia de viajes hoy. “Don’t go to the travel agency today.” - Entonces voy mañana. “Then I’m going tomorrow.” - No me esperes para comer. “Don’t wait for me to eat.”

Las formas imperativas de tú y de vosotros (11) —No me digas que hoy también tienes que trabajar! "Don’t tell me you have to work today also!” In a negative command, all object pronouns are placed before the verb. No me esperes para comer.

Verbos y preposiciones (1) The prepositions con, de, and en can be used with verbs to form certain expressions. Some of the idioms are as follows: casarse con to marry, to get married (to) comprometerse con to get engaged to acordarse de to remember alegrarse de to be glad

Verbos y preposiciones (2) darse cuenta de to realize enamorarse deto fall in love with olvidarse de to forget confiar en to trust convenir en to agree on entrar en to go (come) into fijarse en to notice insistir en to insist on

Verbos y preposiciones (3) Ejemplos: - Celia se comprometió con David. “Celia got engaged to David.” - Yo creía que iba a casarse con Alberto. “I thought she was going to marry Alberto.” - No, ella se enamoró de David. “No, she fell in love with David.”

Verbos y preposiciones (4) —Insistieron en venir esta noche. “They insisted on coming tonight.” —Sí, no se dieron cuenta de que teníamos que trabajar. “Yes, they didn’t realize that we had to work.” Notice that the English translation of these expressions may not use an equivalent preposition.

Números ordinales (1)

Números ordinales (2) Ordinal numbers agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. el segundo chico la segunda chica los primeros días las primeras semanas Ordinal numbers are seldom used after décimo.

Números ordinales (3) The ordinal numbers primero and tercero drop the final -o before masculine singular nouns. el primer día el tercer año —Nosotros estamos en el segundo piso. ¿Y Uds.? “We are on the second floor. And you?” —Estamos en el tercer piso. “We are on the third floor.”