Capítulo 10 Repaso: Las preposiciones y los pronombres preposicionales Repaso: El uso del infinitivo después de las preposiciones 2* El imperfecto de subjuntivo 3* El pasado perfecto de subjuntivo 5* Cláusulas de si– parte 2 7* La secuencia de los tiempos verbales *These numbers refer to the chunks (sections) of the chapters.

Las preposiciones y los pronombres preposicionales Capítulo 10 Repaso Las preposiciones y los pronombres preposicionales El uso del infinitivo después de las preposiciones Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

Las preposiciones y los pronombres preposicionales Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

Las preposiciones y los pronombres preposicionales, cont. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

El infinitivo después de preposiciones Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

El infinitivo después de preposiciones In Spanish, if you need to use a verb immediately after a preposition, the verb must always be in the infinitive form: Es facil decidir entre reciclar y botar. It is easy to decide between recycling and throwing away. Antes de reciclar las latas debemos limpiarlas. Before recycling the cans we should clean them. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

El imperfecto de subjuntivo Capítulo 10 2 El imperfecto de subjuntivo Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

How the imperfect subjunctive is formed 1. Start with the 3rd person plural (“aron, ieron”) form of the verb in the preterit tense: hablaron vendieron escribieron If you start with the 3rd person plural and you know your preterit verbs, there are no irregular forms, that is, there is no verb that does not follow the rule. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

How the imperfect subjunctive is formed 1. Start with the 3rd person plural (“aron, ieron”) form of the verb in the preterit tense: 2. Drop the -ron ending. habla ron vendie ron escribie ron 3. Add the following endings for all three conjugations: -ra -ramos -ras -rais -ra -ran Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

How the imperfect subjunctive is formed Examples: Note that -er and -ir forms are identical. hablar hablara hablaras habláramos hablarais hablaran vender vendiera vendieras vendiéramos vendierais vendieran escribir escribiera escribieras escribiéramos escribierais escribieran Note also that first- and third-person singular forms are the same, and that all nosotros forms must carry a written accent. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

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The following chart shows the imperfect subjunctive forms of some common regular and irregular verbs. Infinitive Third-person plural First-person singular Preterit Imperfect subjunctive tomar tomaron tomara beber bebieron bebiera escribir escribieron escribiera creer creyeron creyera decir dijeron dijera estar estuvieron estuviera haber hubieron hubiera ir fueron fuera leer leyeron leyera Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

The following chart shows the imperfect subjunctive forms of some common regular and irregular verbs. Infinitive Third-person plural First-person singular Preterit Imperfect subjunctive poder pudieron pudiera poner pusieron pusiera querer quisieron quisiera saber supieron supiera ser fueron fuera tener tuvieron tuviera traer trajeron trajera venir vinieron viniera Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

How the imperfect subjunctive is used The same principles that are applied in the present to determine whether to use the subjunctive or the indicative are also used in the past. If the main clause expresses . . . 1. Cause or prevention 2. Personal bias or emotion 3. Falseness or unreality . . . the subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

How the imperfect subjunctive is used The imperfect subjunctive is also always used after the following phrases (and a few other similar ones), just as with the present subjunctive. E en caso de que (in case) S sin que (without, unless) C con tal (de) que (provided that) A antes (de) que (before) P para que (so that, in order that) A a menos que (unless) Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

How the imperfect subjunctive is used The tense of the verb in the main clause normally determines whether to use the present or imperfect subjunctive in the subordinate clause. If the verb in the main clause is in the . . . the present subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause. present, future, or present perfect Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

How the imperfect subjunctive is used The tense of the verb in the main clause normally determines whether to use the present or imperfect subjunctive in the subordinate clause. If the verb in the main clause is in the . . . preterit, the imperfect subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause. imperfect, conditional, or pluperfect Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

How the imperfect subjunctive is used If the verb in the main clause is in the . . . present, The present subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause. future, or present perfect Examples: present present Insisto en que Tomás me ayude. I insist that Tomás help me. present future Insistiré en que Tomás me ayude. I will insist that Tomás help me. present present He insistido en que Tomás me ayude. perfect I have insisted that Tomás help me. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

How the imperfect subjunctive is used If the verb in the main clause is in the . . . preterit, The imperfect subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause. imperfect, conditional, or pluperfect Examples: imperfect preterit Insistí en que Tomás me ayudara. I insisted that Tomás help me. imperfect imperfect Insistía en que Tomás me ayudara. I (always) insisted that Tomás help me. imperfect conditional Insistiría en que Tomás me ayudara. I would insist that Tomás help me. imperfect Había insistido en que Tomás me ayudara. pluperfect I had insisted that Tomás help me. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

How the imperfect subjunctive is used More examples of the imperfect subjunctive: Notice that the use of the preterit or imperfect in the main clause calls for the imperfect subjunctive in the subordinate clause. Era importante que yo leyera el artículo sobre los insecticidas. It was important for me to read the article about insecticides. Los televidentes pidieron que hubiera más programas de temas ecológicos. The television viewers requested that there be more programs about ecological topics. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

How the imperfect subjunctive is used More examples of the imperfect subjunctive: Remember that a written accent is required on the first-person plural of the imperfect subjunctive forms. El granjero dudaba que la deforestación pudiera causar tanta erosión. The farmer doubted that deforestation could cause so much erosion. Era importante que asistiéramos a la conferencia sobre el medio ambiente. It was important that we attended the environmental conference. El gobierno prohibió que usaran aquel pesticida. The government prohibited them from using that pesticide. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

How the imperfect subjunctive is used The imperfect subjunctive is required under the same conditions as the present subjunctive. However, the imperfect subjunctive is used to refer to events that were incomplete in relation to a past event. Compare the sentences below to the time line. Present Past Future dudar controlar pedir haber El reportero dudaba que controlaran el esmog. The reporter doubted that they would control the smog. La gente pidió que preservara el hábitat de los animales. The people asked that they preserve the animals’ habitat. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

How the imperfect subjunctive is used Use the imperfect subjunctive with ojalá when it means I wish (that). ¡Ojalá (que) pudiéramos proteger mejor la naturaleza! I wish we could better protect nature! ¡Ojalá (que) no desperdiciaran tanto agua! I wish they wouldn’t waste so much water! Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

How the imperfect subjunctive is used EXPANSIÓN More on structure and usage Peticiones con el imperfecto de subjuntivo A common use of the imperfect subjunctive is to make polite requests or statements. In such cases, the forms of the verbs querer, poder, and deber are used. Note the following examples. Quisiera encontrar unos químicos menos tóxicos. I would like to find some less toxic chemicals. ¿Pudieras hacer menos ruído ? Could you make less noise? Debiéramos luchar para preservar el bosque. We should fight to preserve the forest. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

El pasado perfecto de subjuntivo Capítulo 10 3 El pasado perfecto de subjuntivo Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

The Formation of the Pluperfect Subjunctive The pluperfect subjunctive is formed with the imperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb haber + the past participle. hubiera hubiéramos + Past participle—masculine singular form only hubieras hubierais hubiera hubieran Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

The Formation of the Pluperfect Subjunctive Notice the following chart: Imperfect subjunctive Past participle yo hubiera tú hubieras tomado él, ella, Ud. hubiera comido nosotros/as hubiéramos vivido vosotros/as hubierais ellos, ellas, Uds. hubieran Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

The pluperfect subjunctive is used in dependent clauses under the same conditions as the present perfect subjunctive. However, the pluperfect subjunctive is used to refer to an event prior to another past event. Compare the following sentences with the time line. Present Past Future vestirse desear ser sentir Deseaba que sus amigos hubieran reciclado las latas después de la fiesta. She wished that her friends had recycled the cans after the party. Sentíamos que el gobierno hubiera dejado que cortaran tantos árboles. We were sorry that the government had allowed them to cut so many trees. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

Capítulo 10 5 Cláusulas de si – parte 2 Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

The conditional perfect and pluperfect subjunctive are used in si clauses that express hypothetical and contrary-to-fact information that occurred before another point in the past. In the following example, the point in the past is probably the day of the concert or ticketed event. Before then, the problem was not explained, and the speaker did not look for other tickets. Si me hubieras explicado el problema con las entradas para el zoológico, habría buscado otras. If you had explained to me the problem with the tickets for the zoo, I would have looked for others. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

The pluperfect subjunctive can also be used with ojalá to express a contrary-to-fact situation that has already happened. Ojalá hubieras conocido al dueño de la fábrica después de la reunión. I wish you had met the owner of the factory after the meeting. Ojalá no hubieran cancelado la conferencia. I wish they hadn’t cancelled the conference. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

La secuencia de los tiempos verbales Capítulo 10 7 La secuencia de los tiempos verbales Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

Using the subjunctive 1.When the verb in the main clause is in the present indicative, present perfect indicative, or future indicative, or is a command, the present or present perfect subjunctive is generally used in the subordinate clause. MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE present indicative, present perfect indicative, future indicative, or command present or present perfect subjunctive Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

Using the subjunctive The present subjunctive is used when the action of the subordinate clause occurs at the same time as the action in the main clause or after it: MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE Insistimos en que Uds. empiecen a reciclar el papel. No hay nadie que desperdicie tanto como José. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

Using the subjunctive b. The present perfect subjunctive is used when the action of the subordinate clause occurs before the action in the main clause: MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE Esperamos que Uds. hayan empezado a reciclar el papel. No hay nadie que haya desperdiciado tanto como José. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

Using the subjunctive 2. When the verb in the main clause is in the preterit, imperfect, or conditional indicative, the imperfect subjunctive or the past perfect subjunctive form is generally used. MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE Preterit, imperfect, or conditional indicative Imperfect subjunctive or past perfect subjunctive Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

Using the subjunctive Roberto insistió en que fuéramos al volcán. Roberto insistía en que fuéramos al volcán. Pediría que viajáramos con él cada semana. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

Using the subjunctive a. The imperfect subjunctive is used when the action of the subordinate clause occurs at the same time as the action in the main clause or after it: MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE Insistíamos en que Uds. reciclaran el papel. No había nadie que desperdiciara tanto como José. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

Using the subjunctive b. The past perfect subjunctive is used when the action of the subordinate clause occurs before the action in the main clause. MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE Esperábamos que Uds. hubieran empezado a reciclar el papel. No había nadie que hubiera desperdiciado tanto como José. Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12

FIN Capítulo 10 l 05/15/12