Confiabilidad de la memoria

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Transcripción de la presentación:

Confiabilidad de la memoria

Objetivo de aprendizaje Con referencia a estudios de investigación pertinentes, ¿en qué medida es fiable un proceso cognitivo (por ejemplo, la memoria reconstructiva). Explicar cómo pueden demostrarse los principios que definen el nivel de análisis cognitivo en la investigación (es decir, teorías o estudios). Discutir cómo y por qué se utilizan ciertos métodos de investigación en el nivel de análisis cognitivo (por ejemplo, experimentos, observaciones, entrevistas).

Confiabilidad de la memoria Bartlett y la memoria reconstructiva

War of the Ghosts One night two young men from Egulac went down to the river to hunt seals and while they were there it became foggy and calm. Then they heard war-cries, and they thought: "Maybe this is a war-party". They escaped to the shore, and hid behind a log. Now canoes came up, and they heard the noise of paddles, and saw one canoe coming up to them. There were five men in the canoe, and they said: "What do you think? We wish to take you along. We are going up the river to make war on the people." One of the young men said, "I have no arrows." "Arrows are in the canoe," they said. "I will not go along. I might be killed. My relatives do not know where I have gone. But you," he said, turning to the other, "may go with them." So one of the young men went, but the other returned home. And the warriors went on up the river to a town on the other side of Kalama. The people came down to the water and they began to fight, and many were killed. But presently the young man heard one of the warriors say, "Quick, let us go home: that Indian has been hit." Now he thought: "Oh, they are ghosts." He did not feel sick, but they said he had been shot. So the canoes went back to Egulac and the young man went ashore to his house and made a fire. And he told everybody and said: "Behold I accompanied the ghosts, and we went to fight. Many of our fellows were killed, and many of those who attacked us were killed. They said I was hit, and I did not feel sick." He told it all, and then he became quiet. When the sun rose he fell down. Something black came out of his mouth. His face became contorted. The people jumped up and cried. He was dead.

Bartlett y la memoria reconstructiva Barlett pedía a sus sujetos que leyeran un cuento tradicional de los indígenas americanos, “War of the Ghosts”. Bartlett evaluó la memoria de esta historia de dos formas: Reproducción serial Reproducción repetida Las reproducciones sucesivas llevaron a cambios en el cuento: Hicieron el cuento más corto Se introdujeron distorsiones en el cuento Las distorsiones hacían que el cuento fuera más comprensible desde las experiencias y cultura de los participantes, de acuerdo con la teoría de esquemas.

Bartlett y la memoria reconstructiva Bartlett concluye que la memoria es un proceso de reconstrucción activa, no de reproducción pasiva. Esta reconstrucción: Se hace con base en los esquemas que tiene la persona. Puede llevar a distorsiones en la memoria.

Bartlett y la memoria reconstructiva Críticas: Pobre metodología Instrucciones no fueron claras ni estandarizadas Es posible que no le haya pedido a los participantes que reprodujeran el cuento de manera fidedigna Las condiciones de los estudio no fueron estandarizadas

Confiabilidad de la memoria Réplica del estudio de Bartlett Bergman y roediger, 1999

Bergman y roediger, 1999 Objetivo: Replicar el estudio de Bartlett sobre la memoria reconstructiva en el caso de la reproducción repetida Variable independiente: Tipo de instrucción: Estricta vs. Flexible Momento de la primera reproducción: A los 15 minutos vs. a la semana Variable dependiente: Número de elementos recordados de manera acertada Número de elementos recordados de manera distorsionada

Bergman y roediger, 1999 Variables controladas: Cuento que deben leer: “War of the Ghosts” Número de veces que podían leer el cuento: 2 veces Demora en la reproducción: A los 15 minutos (no el grupo control) A la semana A los 6 meses Nivel educativo y cultura de los participantes

Bergman y roediger, 1999 Hipótesis: Participantes: Los participantes van a tener mejor recuerdo (más detalles acertados y menos detalles distorsionados) si se les da una instrucción estricta. Los participantes van a tener un mejor recuerdo si hacen su primera reproducción de manera más inmediata. La cantidad de detalles acertados disminuirá y la de detalles distorsionados aumentará a medida que se aumente el tiempo en que se debe recordar la historia Participantes: 30 estudiantes universitarios

Bergman y roediger, 1999 Método: Se asignaron 3 grupos: Grupo 1: Instrucciones estrictas Grupo 2: Instrucciones flexibles Grupo 3 (control): Primera reproducción a la semana Cada uno leyó la historia 2 veces: Resolvieron problemas de matemáticas como distracción Primera reproducción a los 15 minutos (sólo los grupos 1 y 2) Segunda reproducción a la semana Tercera reproducción a los 6 meses (los sujetos que pudieron localizar)

Bergman y roediger, 1999 Resultados: Primera reproducción: Grupo con instrucciones estrictas tuvieron más elementos acertados y menos elementos distorsionados que lo que recibieron instrucciones flexibles. Segunda reproducción: No hubo diferencias entre los grupos uno y dos en el número de elementos acertados y distorsionados. La cantidad de elementos acertados fue menor La cantidad de elementos distorsionados fue mayor El grupo control recuperó menos elementos tanto acertados como distorsionados Tercera reproducción: Se siguió la misma tendencia observada en la segunda reproducción

Bergman y roediger, 1999 Conclusiones: Se da soporte a la propuesta de Bartlett sobre la memoria reconstructiva El recuerdo acertado disminuye con el tiempo evidenciando olvido La proporción de distorsiones aumenta con el tiempo Después de 6 meses la mayoría de los elementos que la gente recupera del cuento original es distorsionado El número de intrusiones (elementos nuevos no contenidos en el cuento) también aumenta con el tiempo

Bergman y roediger, 1999 Conclusiones: Lo observado en el grupo control evidencia que el acto de recuperar el cuento inicialmente aumenta tanto el recuerdo de elementos acertados como distorsionados.