Las Fibras Ópticas del Futuro Hello and welcome to the last session today of helping you to build better networks. My name is ….. And I am going to talk to you about the way forward with optical fibre. Las Fibras Ópticas del Futuro

Avanzando con la Fibra Dónde Estamos El Futuro Fibra Óptica Pruebas Cables Ópticos Pruebas El Futuro Avanzando con la Fibra There have been some intense sessions so far so I have split the presentation into smaller bites In where are we now there is some market data In optical fibre I will talk about the newest optical fibres In optical cable I will talk about some recent developments in Brand-Rex Followed by a short section on changes to the multimode link testing standards

Fibra óptica instalada en el mundo ¿Dónde estamos? Fibra óptica instalada en el mundo Just to add some perspective it is useful to look at the total optical fibre installed in the world

Base de fibra instalada (Global) Source: KMI Research/ Draka Million Fiber Kilometers This data comes from KMI and Draka It shows the cumulative growth in the installed optical fibre in the world The main area of new growth is in the FTTx (fibre to the premise, building, curb, node etc) The total amont of fibre installed in 2008 is over a thousand million fibre km, this could be called a Gigakm or a Tera meter (terms used a lot in copper). It can perhaps be better imagined by the world population each having 147m of fibre.

Intalaciones anuales (Global) Source: KMI Research/Draka Million Fiber Kilometers This graph shows the annual installed fibre in the world. From this you can see the telecom crash of 2001. this was mainly driven by long distance installations (the blue bars on the bottom of the chart) based on the expectation of the internet being used for almost everything. It took until 2005 before recovery started. For 2008 the data is shown as a split between single mode fibre (in red) and multimode fibre (in yellow) to show the dominance of single mode fibre. The next slide shows local structured cabling data for single mode and multimode.

Instalaciones anuales (Cableado Estructurado UK) Source: BSRIA Million Cable Metres This data for the UK from BSRIA shows just over 20 million cable km approximately equivalent to 200,000 fkm of optical fibre installed in 2008. Notice that the mjority firbe is now multimode and not single mode. This is 0.15% of the world installation but 6% of the world multimode fibre installation. Showing that Structured cabling is an important market for MM fibre today.

Tendencias en fibra Multimodo ¿Dónde estamos? Tendencias en fibra Multimodo There are several different types of multimode fibre and the next slide shows predicted volumes

Previsiones en fibra Multimodo The data from KMI was presented in 2006 regarding global multimode fibre and shows OM1 cables in decline, OM2 cables in steady growth and OM3 cables in accelerating growth. Brand-Rex actual data (which has a more European bias) shows a very similar trend except for one difference. OM1 cables in decline, yes OM3 cables in accelerating growth yes OM2 cables in steady growth -no - in fact in decline Z50 (OM4 cables ) this is shown in the red line – we will see more on this later

Estándares, estándares, estándares… ¿Cómo hemos llegado hasta aquí? Estándares, estándares, estándares… How did we get here (147m of fibre per person per planet) Standards, standards, standards

Estándares de Fibra Óptica Brand-Rex cree firmemente en el valor de los estándares para proporcionar una base sólida para nuestra industria, y participa activamente en 12 grupos de estandarización At Brand-Rex we believe passionately in the value of standards to provide a relaible baseline for the industry. So much that we participate in 12 fibre optic standards groups. 5 in the uK, 3 in Europe 4 global Ros Neat is the chair of the British Standard group fir optical fibre and cable and the convenor of the international group for optical cables. Cenelec (3) BSI (5) IEC (4)

ITU-T Recomendaciones para fibra óptica ITU-T is an international group responsible for system design of networks, the optical fibre is described to give sufficient function performance required to make the optical links function 16 types of optical fibre described by ITU-T in Recommendations , only one of them multimode. G.651.1 is the recently renewed multimode recommendation G.652 A Standard single mode recommendations G.652 B Standard single mode recommendations G.652 C Standard single mode recommendations G.652 D the most recent Standard single mode recommendation – more later G.653, A and B, Dispersion shifted single mode firbe (for the 1550 nm window) G.654 (A, B, C) single mode fibre used mainly in the far east G.655 (C, D E) invented for DWDM (dense wavelength division multiplexing) in the 1550 window G.656 invented for DWDM (dense wavelength division multiplexing) in the 1550 window G.657 A, B single mode fibre but with reduced bending loss – more later It is important to note that the structured cabling standards such as EN 50173 or ISO/IEC 11801 do not call up or refere to ITU-T Recommendations for optical fibre. ITU-T International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization Sector (www.itu.int)

IEC y Cenelec especificaciones para fibra óptica Graded index multimode Intraconnect Singlemode Step index multimode IEC 60793 is also voted and agreed by CENELEC as EN 60793 Provides specifications for optical fibres 35 types of optical fibre specified by IEC and Cenelec The two parts of most interest are 60793-10 graded index MM firbe and 60793-50 for single mode fibre. 60793-50 is harmonized with ITU-T recommendations for single mode fibre so they are almost identical. Singlemode Plastic clad glass Multimode Plastic IEC International Electrotechnical Commission (www.iec.ch )

Fibras ópticas en cableado estructurado IEC/Cenelec EN 60793 - ITU-T Type Cabled optical fibre Application 10 - A1a.1 G.651.1 Multimode 50/125 OM2 Access network, GbitE 10 - A1a.2 - OM3 10GbitE 10 - A1a.3** OM4** ?? 10 - A1b Multimode 62.5/125 OM1 GbitE 50 - B1.1 G.652B Singlemode OS1 Up to 2km 50 - B1.3* G.652D OS1/OS2* Over 2km 50 - B6_a* G.657A OS1/OS2** Of the 35 IEC specifications in fact only 4 are commonly used with 3 more being introduced. The next few slides will explore 50-B1.3/G.652D, 50-B6a/G.657 and 10-A1a.3 to be used in OM4 cables. * Nuevos estándares **en desarrollo

Brand-Rex G.652D Low water Peak fibre Mayor ventana de operación para aplicaciones de multiplexado (CWDM) Menor diámetro de campo modal para mejorar el rendimiento de curvatura Mejoras en la protección de la fibra, con colores más vivos fácilmente diferenciables dB/km G.652.B G.652.D 50-B1.3/G.652D The main difference is the purity of the glass. Our optical fibre manufacturer has improved the process to reduce the number of OH ions (from water H2O) chemically bonded to the silica. This results in a lower attenuation absorption peak in the 1380nm region of wavelength, hence the fibre is also know as low water peak fibre. Why is this fibre useful? 1 for systems using coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) where the wavelengths are spaced between 1260 and 1625 nm, the extra space allows lower cost lasers to be used 2 for operation in the 1310 window – note the water peak is narrower as when it is lower and will provide lower attenuation for future DWDM for 40G or 100G singlemode links It is worth pointing out now the 1550 to 1625 nm region which is where the optical fibre is more bend sensitive hence some of the newest G.657 standards. 1260/1310 nm  CWDM  1625 nm nm

Nueva recomendación ITU-T G.657 SERIES G: TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA, DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS Características de fibra monomodo insensible a las pérdidas por curvatura This is the newest optical fibre from ITU-T the title is very carefully written Characteristics of a bending loss insensitive single mode optical fibre and cable for the access network The next few slides show the improvements in bending loss

Pérdidas por Macrocurvaturas en G652D comparado con G657A 10 vueltas 30mm diámetro, 0.25 dB a 1550 nm y 1.0 dB a 1625 nm 1 vuelta 20mm diámetro 0.75 dB a 1550 nm y 1.5 dB a 1625 nm The new G657A specification has ten turns around a 30mm bend diameter (half of G652D) . This is to represent the intended used in short distance applications E.g. for pigtails, patchcords and FTTH final drop. G.652 D 100 vueltas 60mm diámetro, 1.0 dB a 1625 nm

Una aplicación clave para G Una aplicación clave para G.657A son los latiguillos en espacios estrechos, para evitar las pérdidas causadas por curvas cerradas accidentales For networks working at 1550nm G657A fibre can have benefits in restricted / tight areas where cables may get accidentally bent below the recommended bend radius. There are some newer telecom applications (long distance or deep Passive optical networks (PONs) for FTTH which need high power lasers such as Raman lasers. IEC SC86A WG1

Curvas cerradas y láser de alta potencia Cristal debilitado por el calor, revestimiento quemado Las nuevas aplicaciones de telecomunicación utilizarán amplificadores Raman con potencias típicas de 500mW a ~ 2W Para curvas menores de15mm de diámetro, se puede dañar la fibra G652D Los daños pueden ser envejecimiento del revestimiento, oxidación o quemado del revestimiento, y en casos extremos fusión del cristal. Revestimiento quemado In the May 2005 meeting of SG15 Q5 there was a contribution D245 from BT reporting optical powers as low as 160mW leading to catastrophic damage in a 2-point bend configuration If a tight bend occurs within a relatively short distance of the laser the light can escape and be trapped in the bend, heating the coating causing it to age and possibly burn, and in extreme cases causing the glass to soften. IEC SC86A WG1

Opciones para limitar los daños potenciales a las fibras Limitar la potencia óptica Mejorar la manipulación y gestión de los latiguillos Mejorar la tecnología en las fibras potencialmente en riesgo Promovido por BT a través de ITU-T e IEC en los dos últimos años IEC TR 62547 Guidelines for the measurement of high-power damage sensitivity of singlemode fibres to bends – Guidance for the interpretation of results Publicado por IEC en 2009 How are telecom operators able to mitigate this problem 1 limit the power? – not practical if we want to keep the cost of FTTH down 2 improve fibre handling? – the risk is too high to rely on this alone 3 change the fibre – most favoured by some Following from the ITU-T input in 2005 BT have supported the IEC to create a Technical report to help test optical fibres with high power and to interpret the results. This has led to the development of ITU-T G.657B bend sensitive optical fibre recommendation.

Pérdidas por Macrocurvaturas en G652D, G657A y G657B 10 vueltas 30mm diámetro 0.03 dB a 1550 nm y 0.1 dB a 1625 nm 1 vuelta 20mm diámetro 0.1 dB a 1550 nm y 0.2 dB a 1625 nm 1 vuelta 15 mm diámetro 0.5 dB a 1550 nm y 1.0 dB a 1625 nm G.657 A 10 vueltas 30mm diámetro, 0.25 dB a 1550 nm y 1.0 dB a 1625 nm 1 vuelta 20mm diámetro 0.75 dB a 1550 nm y 1.5 dB a 1625 nm This type of fibre (G657B) has 10x lower bending loss than G657A. This type of optical fibre could lower the risk of high power damage in optical fibres. The following slides give a more detailed look at G657B fibre. G.652 D 100 vueltas 60mm diámetro, 1.0 dB a 1625 nm

Indice de refracción del núcleo Nueva fibra monomodo G.657B Perfil de salto de índice Indice de refracción del núcleo Dn Nuevo diseño The refractive index of single mode fibre is called step index due to the step change in refractive index in the centre , the G657B fibre has a ring of lower refractive index around the core. 5 10 15 radius (μm) Courtesy of Draka

Nueva fibra monomodo G.657B This ring or trench guides the light more tightly to the core. It is worth noting now that in single mode fibre the light does not all travel in the core, this is why we talk about mode field diameter and not core diameter unlike multimode fibres. This change in the refractive index profile can be misinterpreted by older fusion splicing machines with older software. A software upgrade is necessary. Courtesy of Draka

Nueva fibra monomodo G.657B: curvaturas a 1550nm G.657A G.657B radius mm 15 10 7.5 max loss dB/turn 0.003 0.1 0.5 Specification Trench-assisted  G.657B dB/turn G.652D Brand-Rex (008) Brand-Rex (57B) Brand-Rex (57A) This slide shows specification limits and measurement results for different types of optical fibres. All the discussion so far has been about bending loss at 1550 nm or 1625 nm. Basic mechanics must not be forgotten – specification bend radius (mm) Courtesy of Draka

Tensión superficial en la fibra frente a diámetro de curvatura Proof strain Surface in tension Higher risk of break < 25 yrs Recommended Strain limit When the fibre is in a bend the outer surface is under tension The graph shows the proof test limit of 1% strain for optical fibre and the recommended strain limit of 0.3% strain. For fibres bent in the typical 60mm (50 or 75 ) the surface strain is less than the limit hence giving confidence for a 25 year life. For lower bend diameters the surface strain is above the recommended limit and has a higher risk of breaking within 25 years. Thus the bend diameters shown in G657 , if used, could lower the life time of the optical fibre according to the current theory. The IEC has recognised this and is reviewing the TR62048 which describes the power law theory of optical fibre lifetime. >= 25 yr life TR 62048 Optical fibres – Reliability – Power law theory En revisión Bend diameter (mm)

Nuevas fibras monomodo G.657A/G.657B Fibra óptica monomodo insensible a las pérdidas por curvatura El núcleo de la fibra está diseñado para guiar más estrechamente la luz G.657A – Beneficios para pigtails y latiguillos en espacios estrechos, y para proteger la red de pérdidas potenciales de señal causados por curvaturas accidentales G.657B - Beneficios para aplicaciones de larga distancia que utilicen lásers de alta potencia (Raman), minimizando el riesgo de daños a la fibra RIESGO La vida útil de la fibra óptica puede comprometerse por curvas cerradas debido a la tensión en la superficie exterior de la fibra So…. bending loss insensitive single mode fibre It is about the light being more tightly guided to the core G657A is beneficial for confined spaces G657B is also beneficial for reducing the risk of high power laser damage Both improve bend loss in the 1550 window – if you are operating at 1310 nm - there is very little benefit – the fibre is not very bend sensitive in the 1310 window. There is a risk of reduced life time if the fibre is used at the minimum bend diameters due to increased surface tension on the glass.

OM4 fibra óptica cableada según ISO/IEC 11801 (borrador) Last of the optical fibres to discuss OM4 is nearly here The specification IEC 60793-10-A1a.3 has to be finalised by IEC SC86A WG1 and the national committees which ie expected in Q1/Q2 2010. The area causing difficulty is the over filled launch – the current test method is being reviewed and may result in a new method based on prediction from DMD( differential mode delay ( used for the effective laser launch bandwidth.

Brand-Rex Z50 (OM4) Todos nuestros cables que utilizan la fibra Z50 contienen fibra óptica con la mayor especificación de ancho de banda para 50/125, que está siendo estandarizada por ISO/IEC y IEC como OM4 Brand-Rex lleva ofreciendo fibra Z50 (OM4) desde hace 4 años Admite mayores pérdidas para enlaces de 300m o inferiores Permite enlaces de 550m si se cumple la atenuación máxima de 10G Potencial para enlaces extendidos de 40G/ 100G si IEEE lo aprueba This type of MM firbe (at the highest OFL bandwidth) has been available from Brand-Rex for 4 years. It (mentioned earlier in Ken’s slides) it can allow more power budget for 300m or shorter 10G links It can allow links up to 550m but only if the 10G power budget is met And it may be used for the new (40G/100G) higher speed networks if IEEE or FC (fibre channel) approve

IEC y Cenelec especificaciones parea CABLES de fibra óptica General requirements Air blown cabling Test methods This is the IEC and CENELEC standard for optical cables Cables referred to in EN50173 or ISO/IEC 11801 etc are called up from 60794-x-xx The latest group of cables ,60794-5 , is for microduct cabling for installation by blowing Aerial cables Indoor cables Outdoor cables IEC International Electrotechnical Commission (www.iec.ch )

Aplicaciones de Fibra Óptica Soplada This is very popular in Europe for FTTH and campus installations An initial benefit is the ability to reserve duct space for future growth

FTTH (fibre to the house) Fibra hasta el puesto C C C Another benefit it to reduce the number of splices in a network for FTTH, or any FTTx B A

b) Fibra soplada sin empalmes Conectando la fibra desde el nodo hasta el hogar a) Cables y empames A standard cable route can be made up of different fibre count cables towards the end user this is achieved by dark fibre or more commonly splicing In a microduct route this is simply achieved by used of microduct connectors and installing the cable in one length with out splicing. Benefits power budget, time, reliabilty b) Fibra soplada sin empalmes

MicroBloTM Un rango extendido de cables MicroBloTM MicroCables desde 2 a 96 fibras en 3 tamaños Permite al diseñador de redes una gran flexibilidad para enlaces urbanos de corta distancia o larga distancia en areas rurales Microductos protegidos desde individuales hasta 24 microductos, para entrramiento directo, tendido, o interior El cable puede continuar desde rutas de exterior hasta el punto de terminación dentro del edificio Costes diferidos y distribuidos A prueba de futuro / facilmente ampliable Flexibilidad Seguridad Fácil reparación 2 a 12f In support of this Brand-Rex has extended its range of microblo cables Features anD BeneFIts MicroBlo (NEW) An extended range of microcables from 2 to 96 fibres and protected microducts and from single way to 24 way, in constructions for direct burial, direct install and indoor environments for Microcable requirements. This allows the network designer to have greater flexibility in planning for short distance urban or long distance remote rural locations. The cable can now be taken from outside routes into a termination point inside the building.   Defer & Distribute costs Blolite+ provides a fibre-ready infrastructure that will lower the initial outlay for an installation. The fibre is purchased and installed only when required which reduces the initial capital expenditure by reducing the necessity to install dark fibre. Future proofing / ease of upgrade The Blolite+ infrastructure can be easily expanded and upgraded with minimum disruption to the current network. Different types of fibre can be added as required, allowing end-users to keep up to date with their latest network requirements. Flexibility The MicroDuct infrastructure can be amended, re-routed and new destinations added with minimal disruption and without fusion splicing optical fibre, which optimises the power budget. security Blolite+ brings added security to a network by providing the ability to diversify routings to desired locations. Blolite+ MicroDucts can also provide different pathways for different levels of security. ease of repair The Blolite+ connectivity and accessory range helps to provide a simple repair solution that can be cost effective and quick when compared to traditional methods. HFbbbBMCddWNMz 12 a 72f 96f

Distancia de instalación optimizada Pruebas en Brand-Rex >1km fig 8 <500m y12 curvas An important note about planning Brand-Rex have an underground cable blowing site and have conducted a series of tests with several manufacturers’ cables and microducts. It showed that installation distance can be increased with fewer bends and straighter routes. A typical route (urban) is likely to have several bends so it is important to plan access points in the route where the cable can be coiled on the surface and then installed into the next section of the route. Similarly for rural areas where direct bury may be required the straightness of the route will have an impact on installation performance. Un microducto recto ofrece la mayor distancia de soplado Las curvas reducen la distancia de soplado Diseñar la red con puntos de acceso permite continuar soplando para alcanzar la máxima distancia

En desarrollo – conectividad robusta de microductos y cajas de terminación de fibra Some FTTH components in the pipeline 1 enclosures for managing microduct eg in and MDU enviromnets 2 fibre wall boxes for terminating firbe 3 for the office environment we are developing a new face plate for LC, SC and MTRJ

Instalación en Suecia de FTTH HF008UNI04LU 3.4 Cable miniaturizado de 4 fibras Características Físicas: Diámetro Cable : 3.4 mm Peso: 11.0 kg/km FTTH is not all about Microblo or blown cbales Here is a recent installetion of FTTH in Sweden (100Mbps to the home) Using a new brand-rex cable - miniature unitube Pulled a short distance through external ducts, then through the wall cavity and then termainated into a media converter box with a RJ45 outlet. The end user has to provide the power. It is 3.4 mm diameter universal cable with 4 fibres.

Cable óptico resistente al fuego Los datos son críticos para cualquier organización Asegura la transmisión en una situación de incendio ¿Deberían todas las redes tener enlaces resistentes al fuego? In the same cable design i.e. uni tube we have a more extreme type of cable for fire survival applications It is used for mission critical applications where the prime objective is to save lives and some cases where data is critical to the business it could form a back up link The cable has been tested in a fire for up to 2 hours One example of where It is used Heathrow airport T5 Should every network have a fire survival link? HFbbbUNIddLSTALUFS

Estándares publicados Pruebas en enlaces multimodo Estándares futuros Estándares publicados Nuevo método para medir enlaces multimodo Impacto en: instaladores Equipos de test Formación The method for multimode link testing is being revised The original method was designed to suit LED type links ie lower speed systems Most links today use lasers (VCSELs) to generate the optical signal which does not fill all the modes in MM fibre. The attenuation measured by the old method is conservative and subject to errors The new method is developed to improve the accuracy and repeatability for MM links. The basic method is approved as FDIS but it may be longer before it is called up be 14763 There will be an impact on installers, test equipment and training.