Past Participles Present Perfect Pluperfect Passive Voice

What is a past participle? A past participle may beA past participle may be – An adjective a closed doora closed door – Part of a verb phrase we have closedwe have closed she has writtenshe has written

In English, some end in –edIn English, some end in –ed –opened, painted, talked others are irregularothers are irregular –driven, eaten, run, seen, written What is a past participle?

Forming a past participle -AR VERBS-AR VERBS –drop the –ar ending –add “–ado” to the stem -ER/-IR VERBS-ER/-IR VERBS –drop the –er/-ir ending –add “–ido” to the stem.

Forming a past participle -AR VERBS-AR VERBShablar -ER/-IR VERBS-ER/-IR VERBScomervivir habl- hablado viv- com- vivido comido spoken eaten lived

Forming a past participle... There is a written accent in the past participle of –er and –ir verbs whose stems end in a, e, or o:There is a written accent in the past participle of –er and –ir verbs whose stems end in a, e, or o: caer caídocaer caído leer leídoleer leído oír oídooír oído traer traídotraer traído

Irregular Past Participles abrir  abiertoabrir  abierto cubrir  cubiertocubrir  cubierto decir  dichodecir  dicho devolver  devueltodevolver  devuelto escribir  escritoescribir  escrito hacer  hechohacer  hecho

Irregular Past Participles ir  idoir  ido morir  muertomorir  muerto poner  puestoponer  puesto romper  rotoromper  roto ver  vistover  visto volver  vueltovolver  vuelto

The present perfect tense The present perfect talks about things someone has done.The present perfect talks about things someone has done. It always consists of :It always consists of : have or has + present participle.have or has + present participle. It implies that you have already done something.It implies that you have already done something. ya = already ya = already (Yo) ya he visto la película.(Yo) ya he visto la película.

The present perfect tense The present perfect talks about things someone hasn’t done yet.The present perfect talks about things someone hasn’t done yet. todavía = yettodavía = yet It takes the double negative.It takes the double negative. Yo no he visto la película todavía. (Todavía no he visto..)Yo no he visto la película todavía. (Todavía no he visto..) I haven’t seen the movie yet.I haven’t seen the movie yet.

The present perfect tense Past participles are used with “haber” to form the present perfect tense.Past participles are used with “haber” to form the present perfect tense. Yo he estudiado–I have (already) studied.Yo he estudiado–I have (already) studied. hehemos hashabéis hahan

Los estudiantes han aprendido mucho.Los estudiantes han aprendido mucho. The students have learned a lot.The students have learned a lot. The present perfect tense refers to actions completed in the past but that relate to the past. -Esta experiencia en Apponequet ha sido muy bueno. … has been very good.

¿Qué has hecho esta semana?¿Qué has hecho esta semana? No he hecho nada.No he hecho nada. ¿Ha viajado a España tu profesora de español?¿Ha viajado a España tu profesora de español? Sí, ella ha viajado a España.Sí, ella ha viajado a España.

Notice that the past participle of the present perfect tense DOES NOT REFLECT GENDER OR NUMBER! Only “haber” changes to agree with the subject.Notice that the past participle of the present perfect tense DOES NOT REFLECT GENDER OR NUMBER! Only “haber” changes to agree with the subject. When you use the object pronouns or reflexive pronouns with the present perfect you put the pronoun before the conjugated form of haber.When you use the object pronouns or reflexive pronouns with the present perfect you put the pronoun before the conjugated form of haber.

No me has dado la tarea.No me has dado la tarea. You haven’t given me the homework.You haven’t given me the homework. No me la has dado.No me la has dado. You haven’t given it to me.You haven’t given it to me. Yo le he escrito a mi amigo.Yo le he escrito a mi amigo. I have written to my friend.I have written to my friend. Nos hemos enojado. (enojarse)Nos hemos enojado. (enojarse) We have gotten angry.We have gotten angry.

The Pluperfect Tense (el pluscuamperfecto) Past participles are used with “haber” to form the past perfect tense.Past participles are used with “haber” to form the past perfect tense. Yo ya había estudiadoYo ya había estudiado I had already studied. I had already studied. habíahabíamos habíashabíais habíahabían

The pluperfect tense The pluperfect is used to indicate events that precede other events in the past.The pluperfect is used to indicate events that precede other events in the past. Cuando yo nací mi abuelo ya había muerto.Cuando yo nací mi abuelo ya había muerto. When I was born, my grandfather had already died.When I was born, my grandfather had already died.

Past Participles used as Adjectives the closed door (closed = adj) the closed door (closed = adj) As always, adjectives must:As always, adjectives must: –1)Agree with the noun they modify –2)Come after the noun the closed door = la puerta cerradathe closed door = la puerta cerrada the door is closed =the door is closed = La puerta está cerrada.La puerta está cerrada.

Past Participles used as Adjectives Where have we used past participles before?Where have we used past participles before? ¿Estás cansado?¿Estás cansado? –Sí, estoy cansado. ¿Están aburridos los estudiantes?¿Están aburridos los estudiantes? –No, los estudiantes no están aburridos. –La clase está muy divertida.

Las construcciones ser y estar y el participio pasado The past participle can also be used with ser expressed in the passive voice.The past participle can also be used with ser expressed in the passive voice. Ser + past participle is used to express:Ser + past participle is used to express: – an action in the passive voice –An action happening Estar + past participle is used to express:Estar + past participle is used to express: – a condition resulting from an action. In this type of construction, the agent is never mentioned. –Result of an action. The action has stopped.

Las construcciones ser y estar y el participio pasado Ser + past participle : – El restaurante es abierto por el gerente. –The restaurant is opened by the manager. Estar + past participle :Estar + past participle : –El restaurante está abierto. –The restaurant is open (not closed).

The Past Participle Ser + past participle : – El restaurante es abierto por el gerente. –The restaurant is opened by the manager. The construcion “se + verbo” is more commonly used in Spanish to express the passive voice when an agent isn’t expressed.The construcion “se + verbo” is more commonly used in Spanish to express the passive voice when an agent isn’t expressed. Se abre el restaurante.Se abre el restaurante. The restaurant is opened.The restaurant is opened.

The Past Participle se + verb + subjectse + verb + subject subject + se + verbsubject + se + verb Note: that the verb always agrees with the subject, which may come before or after the verbNote: that the verb always agrees with the subject, which may come before or after the verb Se venden zapatos allí.Se venden zapatos allí. Shoes are sold there.Shoes are sold there. Nuestra casa se construyó en 1990.Nuestra casa se construyó en Our house was built…Our house was built…

The Past Participle The subject can also represent people.The subject can also represent people. Se necesitan mecánicos con experiencia.Se necesitan mecánicos con experiencia. Experienced mechanics are needed.Experienced mechanics are needed. Such constructions are often used to describe events resulting from unknown agents or natural phenomena.Such constructions are often used to describe events resulting from unknown agents or natural phenomena. Se rompió la ventana.Se rompió la ventana. The window got broken (nobody knows who did it)The window got broken (nobody knows who did it)

The Past Participle The “se” construction may also be used to express that an action occurred unintentionally.The “se” construction may also be used to express that an action occurred unintentionally. se + indirect object + verb + subjectse + indirect object + verb + subject Note the difference:Note the difference: Active construcion: Ella rompió los vasos.Active construcion: Ella rompió los vasos. She broke the glassesShe broke the glasses Se le rompieron los vasos.Se le rompieron los vasos. She broke the glasses (unintentionally)She broke the glasses (unintentionally)

Other uses The impersonal “se” can also be used to indicate that unspecified people (they, people in general etc.) did soemthing to specific peopl.The impersonal “se” can also be used to indicate that unspecified people (they, people in general etc.) did soemthing to specific peopl. se + singular verb + a + specific personse + singular verb + a + specific person Se felicitó a los estudiantes.Se felicitó a los estudiantes. They congratulated the student.They congratulated the student. The students were congratulated.The students were congratulated.