UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS D.A. Biología, Microbiología y Biotecnología E.A.P. Biología en Acuicultura ASIGNATURA DE INTRODUCCIÓN A LA ACUICULTURA UNIDAD I DESARROLLO DE LA ACUICULTURA Clase 3 Organismos acuáticos para cultivo Blgo. Pesq. Walter Reyes Avalos, M.Sc. Docente

1) REPRODUCCIÓN FACIL Y CONTROLABLE Reproducción natural Reproducción inducida (hormonas).

Óvulos Esperma

Hidratación de huevos de paco Fecundación de óvulos de gamitana

INCUBACIÓN

COSECHA DE LARVAS

CRIANZA DE LARVAS

CRIANZA DE ALEVINES

Especies amazónicas gamitana paco Colossoma macropomum Piaractus brachypomus gamitana paco Prochilodus nigricans boquichico

Tilapia roja Oreochromis sp Tilapia nilotica Oreochromis niloticus Estanques en USA Tilapia are a group of fishes native to Africa and require warm water for culture. Most tilapia are grey or black colored but a red tilapia was developed with selective genetic breeding because consumers liked the bright colored fish. Tilapia are unable to survive winter water temperatures in open ponds in most of the U. S.. Tilapia can be raised in ponds, cages and tanks depending on environmental conditions and natural resources. Tilapia are raised outdoors year round in tropical climates but can only be farmed outdoors during the summer in the U. S. Thus, most tilapia are raised indoors in the U. S. to assure year round growth. Jaulas en Indonesia Estanques en Ecuador

Trucha arco iris Oncorhynchus mykiss Rainbow trout, a close relative of salmon, is native to clear, cold freshwater streams and rivers in the Western U. S. Rainbow trout are a popular sport fish in the colder climates of North America. Rainbow trout are farmed for stocking into lakes and rivers to improve sport fishing opportunities and as a food fish. Rainbow trout are grown in earthen ponds and concrete tanks supplied with a constant supply of clean, cold freshwater to mimic the trout’s natural home in streams and rivers.

Cultivo de trucha en jaulas

Langostino marino Litopenaeus vannamei Marine shrimp are native to all the oceans and seas of the world and numerous species are farmed. Marine shrimp are grown in earthen ponds located in coastal areas of countries with tropical and subtropical climates. Ponds are filled with saltwater pumped from estuaries and oceans. Small shrimp reproduced and raised in captivity are stocked into the ponds and are ready for harvest in 90 to 120 days.

Estanques de crianza de langostino marino Fry are stocked into nursery ponds at 60,000 to 100,000 acre ( 150,000 to 250,000/ha ). Stocking density depends on the preferred final harvest size. Fry stocked at a high density will be smaller at harvest than fry stocked at a low density.

Camarón Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Ostras Sistema suspendido ostras en bolsas Ostras en sustrato marino Cosecha de ostras Ostras en raquetas Oysters are the most popular farmed mollusk in the world. Oysters live in saltwater and feed on suspended microorganisms filtered from the water. Oyster seed is collected from the wild or can be produced in hatcheries from domesticated adults. Young oysters are distributed on natural beds located on the bottom of estuaries or are placed in baskets or attached to ropes and suspended off the bottom from floating rafts. Oysters obtain nutrition from the surrounding water and are not fed. Oysters growing on the bottom in natural oyster beds are raked from the bottom when they reach market size in 2 years in the Gulf of Mexico and 5 years in the cold waters of the North Atlanta. Harvest from suspended baskets and ropes is easier than raking the oysters off the bottom.

Ostra perlera Japan is the leading producer of pearls Insertando un nucleo Removiendo una perla Pearl oysters are different species from food oysters. However, pearl oysters reproduce, feed and are farmed in a manner similar to food oysters. Pearl oysters are cultured for a year and then are harvested for implantation of a small object inside the oyster that will form the nucleus of the pearl. In wild oysters, a grain of sand lodges inside the oyster to form the pearl nucleus. In cultured pearl oysters, a small piece of shell is placed inside the oyster. The oyster is irritated by the small object and reacts by covering the object with calcium deposits also known as “mother of pearl” forming a pearl. A marketable pearl is formed 2 to 3 years after insertion of a nucleus. Only 1 oyster in 1,000 harvested from the wild will contain a pearl. However, 1 of every 10 cultured oysters will have a pearl. Pearl color is determined by the oyster species. Japan was the only producer of cultured pearls until 1980 when other countries located in the South Pacific learned how to culture pearls. Japan continues to lead the world in the production of cultured pearls. Most pearls used for jewelry are cultured. Japan is the leading producer of pearls

Macroalgas Cosecha mundial cultivada en 2001 – 10,130 MMT Cultivo de macroalgas China cosaecha el 78% del total Marine algae is a popular food in most Asian countries. Much algae is harvested from the wild but methods of reproducing and farming selected species of marine algae are well known. Algae utilize nutrients found in the water and solar energy to grow. Large farms dedicated to the culture of algae are found in China. China is the largest producer of farmed algae in the world. The United States has only a couple of small farms studying the methods best suited for farming marine algae in the U. S. The most popular form of processed marine algae is the thin paper-like sheets used to wrap Sushi. Sushi con empaque de algas pardas Kelp cultivado

Microalgas

Elevada fecundidad pero huevos resistentes al manejo 2) HUEVOS Y LARVAS RESISTENTES AL MANEJO Elevada fecundidad pero huevos resistentes al manejo A menor Nº huevos .... Mayor resistencia A mayor Nº huevos .... Menor resistencia Carpa: 450 000 huevos Chanos chanos: 2 a 7 millones.

Otras especies protegen a sus huevos y crías En la boca ..... Tilapia En el abdomen ... Camarón Enterrados ... trucha

Estados de desarrollo en diferentes ambientes acuáticos Camarón: río estuario mar Langostino: estuario mar

3) CRECIMIENTO RÁPIDO Y FACIL ALIMENTACIÓN Crecimiento de tilapia nilótica en estanques con alimentación diaria y alternada

Herbívoros Omnívoros Carnívoros Ciclo energético corto Por tipo de alimentación Ciclo energético largo Carnívoros

Aparato digestivo trucha carnivora Pez gato omnivoro carpa omnivora milkfish planctivoro (De Silva & Anderson, 1995; page 104)

4) CAPACIDAD PARA ADAPTARSE AL CAUTIVERIO A ELEVADAS DENSIDADES Mantener organismos en áreas reducidas es una práctica necesario en acuicultura Si hay mayor tolerancia a alta densidad, mayor potencial para cultivo Algunas especies responden alterando su comportamiento (agresivos) y otras son más caníbales.

RAMAS DE LA ACUICULTURA Marina (Maricultura) Salobre Continental ACUICULTURA Aguas frías Aguas templadas Aguas calientes o tropicales

PISCICULTURA: Cultivo de peces MALACOCULTURA: Cultivo de moluscos CARCINICULTURA: Cultivo de crustáceos CULTIVO DE ALGAS: Cultivo de microalgas Cultivo de macroalgas

GRACIAS