El subjuntivo.

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Transcripción de la presentación:

El subjuntivo

¿Cómo se forma el presente de subjuntivo? «yo» del presente de indicativo + quita (drop) la letra «o» añade (add)… verbos que terminen en «ar» yo: e nosotros: emos tú: es vosotros: éis él, ella, Ud.: e ellos, Uds.: en verbos que terminen en «er» o «ir» yo: a nosotros: amos tú: as vosotros: áis él, ella, Ud.: a ellos, Uds.: an

¡Ojo! Hay muchos verbos irregulares en la forma de «yo» del presente de indicativo. tenga ponga venga oiga salga haga diga conozca escoja piense pida duerma tener poner venir oír caer salir hacer decir conocer escoger pensar pedir dormir tengo pongo vengo oigo caigo salgo hago digo conozco escojo pienso pido duermo infinitivo presente de indicativo presente de subjuntivo

Verbos irregulares ser = sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean ir = vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan haber = haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan ser = sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean saber = sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan

Un uso del subjuntivo: Los mandatos Regla: Todos los mandatos son formas del presente de subjuntivo con la excepción de los mandatos familiares positivos (tú + vosotros).

Los mandatos formales (Ud. + Uds.) Usa el presente de sujuntivo en la forma de Ud. o Uds. ejemplos: Give me! ¡Déme! ¡Denme! (dar) Eat! ¡Coma! ¡Coman! (comer) Write! ¡Escriba! ¡Escriban! (escribir)

Mandatos formales irregulares Go! (ir) = ¡Vaya Ud.! ¡Vayan Uds. Be! (ser) = ¡Sea Ud.! ¡Sean Uds.! Know! (saber) = ¡Sepa Ud! ¡Sepan Uds.

Los mandatos formales negativos Usa el presente de sujuntivo en la forma de Ud.,Uds. o tú Don’t leave! = No salga Ud. / No salgan Uds. / No salgas tú. Don’t yell! = No grite Ud. / No griten Uds. / No grites tú. Todos los mandatos negativos son presente del subjuntivo

El subjuntivo en cláusulas nominales What does a noun clause look like? The sentence has 2 subjects and 2 verbs; in other words there are 2 conjugated verbs. example: 1. I hope (that) it doesn’t snow. I want you to leave. (I want that you leave.) (conjugated verb) que (conjugated verb)

When does a noun clause use the subjunctive? Whether or not to use the subjunctive depends on the first verb of the sentence. It must fit one of the following criteria: It is a verb of emotion. (to be happy about something.) It is an impersonal expression. (Es posible) Someone is trying to influence another’s behavior. (I want you to leave.) 4. doubt or denial (dudar, negar, no creer)

Impersonal expressions # 1 These are expressions that start with the word “Es” Examples: Es… (posible, importante, necesario, bueno, malo, urgente, preferible) Almost all impersonal expressions use the subjunctive for the second verb of the sentence. ejemplo: Es importante que vengas a tiempo. (It’s important you come on time.)

Impersonal expressions # 2 The only impersonal expressions that do not use the subjunctive are those that sound like they are facts. These are: Es obvio (It’s obvious) Es verdad (It’s true) Es evidente (It’s evident) ejemplos: It’s true that he leaves tomorrow. Es verdad que él sale mañana. (no subjunctive)

Impersonal expressions # 3 All negative impersonal expressions use the subjunctivo, including “No es verdad”, “No es evidente”, “No es obvio.” No es verdad que yo no haga mi tarea. (It’s not true that I don’t do my homework.)

Persuasion: someone is trying to influence the behavior or another. Verbs in this group include: querer, preferir, decir, pedir, recomendar, aconsejar, mandar, insistir en, permitir, prohibir, sugerir, esperar ejemplos: I insist you help. Insisto en que ayudes. I suggest you leave. Sugiero que salgas. I’m telling them to listen. Les digo que escuchen.

Práctica I doubt you have the time. It’s important you come. They want us to help. I’m sorry you are sick. It’s not true that he knows. She’s asking us to listen. We don’t believe it is true. ¿Do you believe he is in Calif.? Dudo que tengas el tiempo. Es importante que vengas. Quieren que ayudemos. Siento que estés enfermo. No es verdad que él sepa. Ella nos pide que escuchemos No creemos que sea verdad. ¿Crees que él esté en Calif.?

El subjuntivo en cláusulas adjetivas When a sentence has two conjugated verbs, it is possible one of the two verbs is in the subjunctive. We have studied the subjunctive in noun clauses: conjugated verb + que + conjugated verb. l Quiero que me ayudes. (I want you to help me.) Another kind of clause is an adjective clause. I know someone who works there. “who works there” describes “someone”. An adjective clause describes a noun (a person, place or thing). When the adjective clause describes a specific person, place or thing, the subjunctive is NOT used. When the adjective clause describes “any” persona, place or thing the subjunctive IS used. When the subjunctive says that a person, place or thing does not exist (No hay…), the subjunctive IS used.

Examples of adjective clauses: I know someone who has lived in Russia. (no subjunctive) I’m looking for someone who has lived in Russia. (subjunc.) I have a house that is in the country. (no subjunctive) I want a house that is in the country. (subjunctive) We have a car that goes fast. (no subjunctive) We want a car that goes fast. (subjunctive) There is someone who can help. (no subjunctive) There is no one who can help. (subjunctive)

Práctica I know someone who lives there. I don’t know anyone who llives.. I need a car that is economical. I have a car that is economical. There is no one who can help. She’s looking for someone who has lived in Spain. Conozco a una persona que vive.. No conozco a nadie que viva… Necesito un coche que sea… Tengo un coche que es… No hay nadie que pueda ayudar. Ella busca a alguien que haya vivido en España.

El imperfecto de subjuntivo (past subjunctive) You may have noticed that up to this point all the main verbs in our sentences with subjunctive have been in the present tense. When the main verb is in the present indicative tense, it makes sense that the subjunctive we use is the present subjunctive. On the other hand, when the main verb is in the past tense, we cannot use the present subjunctive. We need to use the past subjunctive.

¿Cómo se forma el pasado del subjuntivo? We start with the verb in the “ellos” form of the preterite = aron (“ar” verbs) or ieron (“er” or “ir” verbs) We drop the last 2 letters: miraron comieron We add: yo = a nosotros = amos tú = as vosotros = ais él, ella, Ud. = a ellos, Uds. = an

Ejemplos besar: pretérito = besaron past subjunctive = besara, besaras, besara, besáramos, besaran salir: pretérito = salieron past subjunctive = saliera, salieras, saliera, saliéramos, salieran

There are no irregulars if you know the preterite. ¡Ojo There are no irregulars if you know the preterite. ¡Ojo! There are lots of irregular verbs in the preterite. dar: dieron ser: fueron ir: fueron dormir: durmieron pedir: pidieron sentir: sintieron conducir: condujeron traer: trajeron decir: dijeron tener: tuvieron andar: anduvieron estar: estuvieron querer: quisieron hacer: hicieron venir: vinieron saber: supieron leer: leyeron

Práctica llevar: yo tomar: tú llorar: él mirar: nosotros gritar: ellos comer: yo aprender: tú correr: ella salir: nosotros beber: ellos llevara tomaras llorara miráramos gritaran comiera aprendieras corriera Saliéramos bebieran

Más práctica volver: yo encontrar: yo dormir: yo morir: yo sentarse: yo pensar: yo sentirse: yo preferir: yo pedir: yo servir: yo volviera encontrara durmiera muriera me sentara pensara me sintiera prefiriera pidiera sirviera