El subjuntivo.

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El subjuntivo

In both English and Spanish, there are three basic ways to express a sentence: Indicative Imperative Subjunctive The indicative expresses a simple statement of fact (ex. Paul is passing the class.). The imperative commands someone to do something (ex. Go to the grocery store, please.). The subjunctive, however, is more concerned with feelings, attitudes, emotions and uncertainty (ex. I hope that you can come to the party.).

Forming the Subjunctive The subjunctive is formed by taking the ‘yo’ form of a verb in the present tense, removing the ‘o’ and adding one of the opposite verb endings. (AR verbs use ER verb endings. ER and IR verbs use AR verb endings.) EXAMPLES: Hablar -> hablo -> yo hable nosotros hablemos tú hables vosotros habléis él, ella, Ud. hable ellos, ellas, Uds. hablen Comer -> como -> yo coma nosotros comamos tú comas vosotros comáis él, ella Ud. coma ellos, ellas, Uds. coman

Don’t forget that some verbs have spelling changes in the present tense ‘yo’ form! These changes will also exist in the subjunctive. EXAMPLES: Tener -> tengo -> yo tenga nosotros tengamos tú tengas vosotros tengáis él, ella Ud. tenga ellos, ellas, Uds. tengan Salir -> salgo -> yo salga nosotros salgamos tú salgas vosotros salgáis él, ella, Ud. salga ellos, ellas, Uds. salgan Conocer -> conozco -> yo conozca nosotros conozcamos tú conozcas vosotros conozcáis él, ella, Ud. conozca ellos, ellas, Uds. conozcan

¡A practicar! Now you try it! Complete verb charts for the following verbs in the subjunctive. Bailar Yo baile Nosotros bailemos Tú bailes Vosotros bailéis Él, Ella, Ud. baile Ellos, Ellas, Uds. bailen Escribir Yo escriba Nosotros escribamos Tú escribas Vosotros escribáis Él, Ella, Ud. escriba Ellos, Ellas, Uds. escriban Hacer Yo haga Nosotros hagamos Tú hagas Vosotros hagáis Él, Ella, Ud. haga Ellos, Ellas, Uds. hagan

Irregulars There are only 6 irregular verbs in the subjunctive: Ser -> sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean Ir -> vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan Dar -> dé des, dé, demos, deis, den Estar -> esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén Haber** -> haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan Saber -> sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan ** Haya is the only form of haber that is used.

Stem Changes and the Subjunctive Most AR and ER verbs that have a stem-change in the present tense have the same stem change in the subjunctive in all of their forms except nosotros and vosotros. EXAMPLES: Encontrar (o-ue) Yo encuentre Nosotros encontremos Tú encuentres Vosotros encontréis Él, Ella, Ud. encuentre Ellos, Ellas, Uds. encuentren Volver (o-ue) Yo vuelva Nosotros volvamos Tú vuelvas Vosotros volváis Él, Ella, Ud. vuelva Ellos, Ellas, Uds. vuelvan

Stem Changes and the Subjunctive Unlike AR and ER verbs, IR verbs that have a stem- change in the present tense will have a stem change in ALL of their subjunctive forms, including the nosotros and vosotros forms. The stem-change in these two forms, however, may be slightly different from the stem-change in the other forms. EXAMPLES: Dormir (o-ue/u) Yo duerma Nosotros durmamos Tú duermas Vosotros durmáis Él, Ella, Ud. duerma Ellos, Ellas, Uds. duerman

Stem Changes and the Subjunctive EXAMPLES CONTINUED: Sentirse (e-ie/i) Yo me sienta Nosotros nos sintamos Tú te sientas Vosotros os sintáis Él, Ella, Ud. se sienta Ellos, Ellas Uds. se sientan Pedir (e-i) Yo pida Nosotros pidamos Tú pidas Vosotros pidáis Él, Ella, Ud. pida Ellos, Ellas, Uds. pidan

Spelling Changes in the Subjunctive Verbs that end in –zar, -car, -gar, -ger and –guir have spelling changes in the subjunctive to maintain the original sound of the verb. EXAMPLES: Buscar- busque, busques, busque, busquemos, busquéis, busquen Llegar- llegue, llegues, llegue, lleguemos, lleguéis, lleguen Empezar- empiece, empieces, empiece, empecemos, empecéis, empiecen Recoger- recoja, recojas, recoja, recojamos, recojáis, recojan Seguir- siga, sigas, siga, sigamos, sigáis, sigan

Subjunctive with Hopes and Wishes While the subjunctive is used somewhat in English, it is extremely common in Spanish and is used in a number of different ways. One of the ways the subjunctive is used is to express hopes and wishes. Typically, sentences that use the subjunctive have two clauses, a main clause and a dependent clause, each with a different subject. The subjunctive usually appears in the dependent clause and is introduced by the conjunction ‘que’. Luis quiere que el examen sea fácil. Subject of Dependent Clause Subjunctive Subject of Main Clause Main Clause Dependent Clause

Subjunctive with Hopes and Wishes Subject of Dependent Clause Yo espero que mi amiga pueda visitarme. Subject of Main Clause Subjunctive Main Clause Dependent Clause Subject of Dependent Clause Subject of Main Clause Subjunctive La profesora quiere que nosotros entendamos el subjuntivo. Main Clause Dependent Clause

Subjunctive with Hopes and Wishes Subject of Dependent Clause Subject of Main Clause Subjunctive Gloria prefiere que nosotros vayamos al lago. Dependent Clause Main Clause Notice that the subjunctive is used when the subject changes between the main clause and the dependent clause. When there is no change of subject, an infinitive follows the verb in the main clause. Gloria prefiere ir al lago. Verbs that express hopes and wishes and that are commonly used with the subjunctive include: - Esperar - Preferir - Ojalá que… - Querer - Desear

Subjunctive with Advice and Opinions In addition to expressing hopes and wishes, the subjunctive is also used to express opinions and give advice. Use the subjunctive with the following expressions to express an opinion: Es mejor que… Ex. Es mejor que no salgas con amigos esta noche. Es buena idea que… Ex. Es buena idea que nosotros estudiemos juntos. Es importante que… Ex. Es importante que los estudiantes hagan su tarea.

Subjunctive with Advice and Opinions Use the subjunctive with the expressions below to give advice: aconsejarle (a alguien) que… to advise someone to… Ex. Ellos te aconsejan que llegues temprano. recomendarle (a alguien) que… to recommend that someone… Ex. Claudia me recomienda que yo visite el Prado. sugerirle (a alguien) que… to suggest that someone… Ex. Yo le sugiero a Marcos que vaya de vacaciones en Guatemala.