XI Conferencia Anual sobre Compras Gubernamentales de las Américas EL VALOR POR EL DINERO EN LAS COMPRAS PÚBLICAS XI Conferencia Anual sobre Compras Gubernamentales de las Américas Octubre de 2015, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana

http://www.iadb.org Los “Documentos de debate” y las presentaciones son preparados por funcionarios del Banco y otros profesionales como material de apoyo para eventos. Suelen producirse en plazos muy breves de publicación y no se someten a una edición o revisión formal. La información y las opiniones que se presentan en estas publicaciones son exclusivamente de los autores y no expresan ni implican el aval del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, de su Directorio Ejecutivo ni de los países que representan. Esta presentación podrá ser distribuida y reproducida con previa autorización del autor.

Monkeys make savvy shoppers: Primates are better than humans when it comes to getting value for money in a 'market‘ Researchers set up a ‘market’ in which monkeys were trained to exchange tokens for rewards. They learned some rewards were cheap and others expensive Monkeys didn't fall for high prices denoting high quality products They understood differences in price, but refused to fall for pricey items Previous studies have shown that humans are fooled into thinking that price reflects quality By SARAH GRIFFITHS FOR MAILONLINE PUBLISHED: 16:00 EST, 2 December 2014 | UPDATED: 16:00 EST, 2 December 2014 Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2857745/Monkeys-better-humans-comes-getting-value-money-market.html#ixzz3mK0WL1kc  We will strengthen and use developing country systems to the maximum extent possible 15. Successful development depends to a large extent on a government’s capacity to implement its policies and manage public resources through its own institutions and systems. In the Paris Declaration, developing countries committed to strengthen their systems2 and donors committed to use those systems to the maximum extent possible. Evidence shows, however, that developing countries and donors are not on track to meet these commitments. Progress in improving the quality of country systems varies considerably among countries; and even when there are good‐quality country systems, donors often do not use them. Yet it is recognised that using country systems promotes their development. To strengthen and increase the use of country systems, we will take the following actions: a) Donors agree to use country systems as the first option for aid programmes in support of activities managed by the public sector. b) Should donors choose to use another option and rely on aid delivery mechanisms outside country systems (including parallel project implementation units), they will transparently state the rationale for this and will review their positions at regular intervals. Where use of country systems is not feasible, donors will establish additional safeguards and measures in ways that strengthen rather than undermine country systems and procedures. c) Developing countries and donors will jointly assess the quality of country systems in a country‐led process using mutually agreed diagnostic tools. Where country systems require further strengthening, developing countries will lead in defining reform programmes and priorities. Donors will support these reforms and provide capacity development assistance. d) Donors will immediately start working on and sharing transparent plans for undertaking their Paris commitments on using country systems in all forms of development assistance; provide staff guidance on how these systems can be used; and ensure that internal incentives encourage their use. They will finalise these plans as a matter of urgency. e) Donors recollect and reaffirm their Paris Declaration commitment to provide 66% of aid as programme‐based approaches. In addition, donors will aim to channel 50% or more of government‐to‐government assistance through country fiduciary systems, including by increasing the percentage of assistance provided through programme based approaches.

¿Qué significa obtener Mejor Valor por el Dinero?

8-9 millones de USD 5 3.75 8 % ? $ ? ¿ $ $ $ ? ? ¿ $ Precio: Ingresos: Costos de operación: ? 8 % ¿ Tasa de interés: $ We will strengthen and use developing country systems to the maximum extent possible 15. Successful development depends to a large extent on a government’s capacity to implement its policies and manage public resources through its own institutions and systems. In the Paris Declaration, developing countries committed to strengthen their systems2 and donors committed to use those systems to the maximum extent possible. Evidence shows, however, that developing countries and donors are not on track to meet these commitments. Progress in improving the quality of country systems varies considerably among countries; and even when there are good‐quality country systems, donors often do not use them. Yet it is recognised that using country systems promotes their development. To strengthen and increase the use of country systems, we will take the following actions: a) Donors agree to use country systems as the first option for aid programmes in support of activities managed by the public sector. b) Should donors choose to use another option and rely on aid delivery mechanisms outside country systems (including parallel project implementation units), they will transparently state the rationale for this and will review their positions at regular intervals. Where use of country systems is not feasible, donors will establish additional safeguards and measures in ways that strengthen rather than undermine country systems and procedures. c) Developing countries and donors will jointly assess the quality of country systems in a country‐led process using mutually agreed diagnostic tools. Where country systems require further strengthening, developing countries will lead in defining reform programmes and priorities. Donors will support these reforms and provide capacity development assistance. d) Donors will immediately start working on and sharing transparent plans for undertaking their Paris commitments on using country systems in all forms of development assistance; provide staff guidance on how these systems can be used; and ensure that internal incentives encourage their use. They will finalise these plans as a matter of urgency. e) Donors recollect and reaffirm their Paris Declaration commitment to provide 66% of aid as programme‐based approaches. In addition, donors will aim to channel 50% or more of government‐to‐government assistance through country fiduciary systems, including by increasing the percentage of assistance provided through programme based approaches.

We will strengthen and use developing country systems to the maximum extent possible 15. Successful development depends to a large extent on a government’s capacity to implement its policies and manage public resources through its own institutions and systems. In the Paris Declaration, developing countries committed to strengthen their systems2 and donors committed to use those systems to the maximum extent possible. Evidence shows, however, that developing countries and donors are not on track to meet these commitments. Progress in improving the quality of country systems varies considerably among countries; and even when there are good‐quality country systems, donors often do not use them. Yet it is recognised that using country systems promotes their development. To strengthen and increase the use of country systems, we will take the following actions: a) Donors agree to use country systems as the first option for aid programmes in support of activities managed by the public sector. b) Should donors choose to use another option and rely on aid delivery mechanisms outside country systems (including parallel project implementation units), they will transparently state the rationale for this and will review their positions at regular intervals. Where use of country systems is not feasible, donors will establish additional safeguards and measures in ways that strengthen rather than undermine country systems and procedures. c) Developing countries and donors will jointly assess the quality of country systems in a country‐led process using mutually agreed diagnostic tools. Where country systems require further strengthening, developing countries will lead in defining reform programmes and priorities. Donors will support these reforms and provide capacity development assistance. d) Donors will immediately start working on and sharing transparent plans for undertaking their Paris commitments on using country systems in all forms of development assistance; provide staff guidance on how these systems can be used; and ensure that internal incentives encourage their use. They will finalise these plans as a matter of urgency. e) Donors recollect and reaffirm their Paris Declaration commitment to provide 66% of aid as programme‐based approaches. In addition, donors will aim to channel 50% or more of government‐to‐government assistance through country fiduciary systems, including by increasing the percentage of assistance provided through programme based approaches.

¿Existe, entonces, una fórmula mágica para “desaprender”?

  We will strengthen and use developing country systems to the maximum extent possible 15. Successful development depends to a large extent on a government’s capacity to implement its policies and manage public resources through its own institutions and systems. In the Paris Declaration, developing countries committed to strengthen their systems2 and donors committed to use those systems to the maximum extent possible. Evidence shows, however, that developing countries and donors are not on track to meet these commitments. Progress in improving the quality of country systems varies considerably among countries; and even when there are good‐quality country systems, donors often do not use them. Yet it is recognised that using country systems promotes their development. To strengthen and increase the use of country systems, we will take the following actions: a) Donors agree to use country systems as the first option for aid programmes in support of activities managed by the public sector. b) Should donors choose to use another option and rely on aid delivery mechanisms outside country systems (including parallel project implementation units), they will transparently state the rationale for this and will review their positions at regular intervals. Where use of country systems is not feasible, donors will establish additional safeguards and measures in ways that strengthen rather than undermine country systems and procedures. c) Developing countries and donors will jointly assess the quality of country systems in a country‐led process using mutually agreed diagnostic tools. Where country systems require further strengthening, developing countries will lead in defining reform programmes and priorities. Donors will support these reforms and provide capacity development assistance. d) Donors will immediately start working on and sharing transparent plans for undertaking their Paris commitments on using country systems in all forms of development assistance; provide staff guidance on how these systems can be used; and ensure that internal incentives encourage their use. They will finalise these plans as a matter of urgency. e) Donors recollect and reaffirm their Paris Declaration commitment to provide 66% of aid as programme‐based approaches. In addition, donors will aim to channel 50% or more of government‐to‐government assistance through country fiduciary systems, including by increasing the percentage of assistance provided through programme based approaches.

Comprar Pmin

¿Pero, por qué es importante el “valor por el dinero”?

eficiencia del gasto público “Incrementar la eficiencia del gasto público a fin de asegurar los mejores resultados posibles de las adquisiciones en términos de valor por el dinero” COMMUNICATION COM (2011). 896 Final. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on/Public Procurement.

Criterio de evaluación de “oferta económicamente más ventajosa”. Poner más énfasis en la calidad, incorporando Aspectos ambientales, Aspectos sociales y Aspectos relacionados con innovación tomando en consideración El precio y El ciclo de vida de lo que se está adquiriendo

Recommendation of the Council on PP - 2015 …Desarrollar y utilizar herramientas para mejorar los procesos de adquisiciones, reducir duplicidades y obtener un mayor valor por el dinero. Recommendation of the Council on PP - 2015

Desarrollar profesionales de compras con la capacidad para entregar mayor valor por el dinero en forma continua, eficiente y efectiva.

La evaluación y comparación de ofertas tiene como propósito determinar todos los costos de cada oferta, de manera que resulte adjudicada aquella con menor costo evaluado, que no necesariamente corresponde a la de menor precio. Procurement in Bank operations supports clients to achieve value for money with integrity in delivering sustainable development

Existen diferentes métodos para obtener mejor valor por el dinero… Mejor oferta evaluada Evaluación ponderando de la calidad, los costos y otros factores para determinar la “oferta más ventajosa” (Menor costo evaluado) Valor por el dinero significa “uso eficiente, efectivo y económico de los recursos, lo que requiere evaluar los costos y beneficios relevantes, así como los riesgos asociados y los atributos distintos al precio y/o costos del ciclo de vida, cuando corresponda”

¿Hay más de un enfoque del valor por el dinero?

Ciclo de vida del producto $214 $30 $30 $42 Precio Precio + calidad Ciclo de vida del producto Valor Presente Neto

Vamos por partes… El precio y la calidad

Precio y calidad en las contrataciones públicas Las contrataciones públicas tienen una naturaleza multidimensional. La visión para obtener mejor Valor por el Dinero (VfM) ha llevado a los compradores publicos a considerar atributos no monetarios, además del precio, expresados en términos de “calidad” , que se miden en forma distinta. El mecanismo típico que se ha utilizado son las licitaciones basadas en una regla de evaluación que considere el precio y la calidad.

La fórmula de evaluación…

¿Qué es una regla de evaluación? Mecanismo que asigna una puntuación (score) a cada dimensión del contrato. CTotal = Puntuación (Precio) + Puntuación (Dimensión objetivo) Debe reflejar las preferencias del comprador Pondera la importancia de cada aspecto considerado en el contrato

En el componente técnico suelen agregarse los atributos de calidad diferentes al precio para la valoración final de la oferta. Otras veces son incorporados en esta parte de la oferta criterios de sustentabilidad (sociales y/o ambientales) o de inclusión.

¿Por qué una regla de evaluación? Transparencia Preferencias del comprador

¿Y cómo adjudicamos el contrato?

El criterio de adjudicación es contratar siempre la oferta de mayor valor (menor costo evaluado y máxima calidad).

Conviene tomar en cuenta…

Criterios de participación vs criterios de adjudicación La distinción entre criterios de participación y criterios de adjudicación es crucialmente importante. Los criterios de participación se refieren a las cualidades del “Proveedor”. Los criterios de adjudicación se enfocan en la “Propuesta”.

Atributos a considerar Cuando la dimensión objetivo es la calidad… Atributos medibles (Características técnicas) Tiempo de entrega Aspectos técnicos Duración Mantenimientos Consumibles Distribución Tiempo para completar tares relevantes Cantidad  Atributos NO medibles (Calidad no contratable) Aquellos que resulta costoso o difícil de verificar o monitorear Habilidades dificiles de demostrar  Criterios de participación Capacidad financiera Experiencia Certificaciones Cumplimiento en contratos anteriores 

Ejemplo. Trade-off Precio-Calidad Precio de reserva del contrato: $100 Puntuación Max: 100 puntos = 50 P + 50 Q ; nn=mm=50 Regla 1: “descuento” * nn Regla 2: (P*min/Plicitante i) * nn

¿Qué resultados podemos esperar?

¿Cómo nos aproximamos a un fórmula de valor por el dinero?

Si en la oferta son considerados atributos diferentes al precio…  

Si bajo el enfoque del ciclo de vida de producto consideramos todos los costos, mantenimiento y disposición final de los bienes…  

Si incorporamos el criterio del valor presente neto…  

El valor por el dinero se resume en cuatro puntos…

El valor por el dinero es un concepto esencial para la evaluación de ofertas. El precio en sí mismo rara vez es un indicador suficiente del valor por el dinero, especialmente tratándose de compras complejas. A veces, sobre todo en compras simples o de bajo costo, la decisión puede tomarse basada solamente en el precio. El valor por el dinero no es un criterio de evaluación, sino un concepto que sirve para comparar ofertas a fin de seleccionar la mejor en costo y efectividad.

¿Cómo vamos en ALC?

Todos los países de ALC enfrentan el desafío de aplicar los principios del MVD La legislación de muchos países contempla obetivos encaminados a alcanzar ese principio: eficiencia, economía, eficacia e imparcialidad. En algunos casos la aplicación se ve favorecida por un marco normativo que incorpora explícita o implícitamente el MVD En otros casos el marco normativo es más restrictivo e impone el criterio de menor precio

Países con mayor avance en la incorporación del MVD: México Colombia Chile Brasil Otros países que incorporan el criterio de MVD: Panamá Honduras Costa Rica