Progressive Estar + gerund -ar → -ando -er → -iendo -ir → -iendo Estoy escribiendo Uds. están eschuchando. Ella se está duchando/está duchándose.
Ser vs. Estar Ser To identify people and things Nationality/origen With de for material With de for posession With para to tell for whom something is intended To tell time With adjectives that describe basic characteristics To form generalizations
Ser vs. Estar Estar To tell location To describe health With adjectives that describe conditions With fixed expressions With progressive tense
Comparisons adjectives nouns equal – tan + adj + como unequal – más/menos + adj + que unequal irregulars – mejor que, peor que, mayor que, menor que nouns equal – tanto/a/os/as + noun + como unequal – más/menos + noun + que
Comparisons verbs adverb equal – verb + tanto como unequal – verb + más/menos que adverb equal – tan + adverb + como unequal - más/menos + adverb + que mejor/peor que
Saber vs. Conocer Saber Conocer to know facts or pieces of information to know how to do something – saber + infinitive Conocer to know people to be acquainted with a person, place, or thing
Direct object pronouns Used so you don’t have to repeat the same noun Comes before a conjugated verb (except for affirmative commands). Attaches to infinitives, gerunds, and all affirmative commands.
Acabar de To express something that has just been done. Acabar + de + infinitive Acabo de leer el libro = I have just read the book. Acabamos de hablar por teléfono = We have just spoken on the phone.
Negation May be placed before the verb. Nadie estudia para el examen. Nunca voy al parque. We use double negatives in Spanish. No estudia nadie para el examen. No hay ninguna galleta. Ningún/Ninguna are usually singular
Commands Only Ud. & Uds. forms -ar → hable hablen -er → beba beban -ir → escriba escriban Many irregulars use irregular yo form There are 5 totally irregulars – dar, estar, ir, saber, ser