Gramática Unidad 2 Avancemos II Avancemos II

Adverbs(adverbios): tell when, where, how, how long, or how much. Many end in -ly in English. (p. 94) In Spanish, adverbs can be formed by ending -mente to the singular feminine form of an adjective. If the adjective has an accent, so does the adverb. In Spanish, adverbs can be formed by ending -mente to the singular feminine form of an adjective. If the adjective has an accent, so does the adverb. rápido>rápida: Ricardo corre rápidamente. rápido>rápida: Ricardo corre rápidamente. Adjectives with one form, just add -mente: Adjectives with one form, just add -mente: frecuente: Competimos frecuentemente. frecuente: Competimos frecuentemente. fácil: Metimos el gol fácilmente. fácil: Metimos el gol fácilmente. Completa Act. 4, p. 94

Preterite of –er, -ir verbs, p. 95 yo comí yo comí tú comiste tú comiste él, ella, Ud. comió él, ella, Ud. comió nosotros(as) comimos nosotros(as) comimos vosotros(as)comisteis vosotros(as)comisteis ellos, ellas, Uds. comieron ellos, ellas, Uds. comieron COMER (TO EAT)

Preterite of –er, -ir verbs (contd- p. 95) yo escribí yo escribí tú escribiste tú escribiste él, ella, Ud. escribió él, ella, Ud. escribió nosotros(as) escribimos nosotros(as) escribimos vosotros(as) escribisteis vosotros(as) escribisteis ellos, ellas, Uds. escribieron ellos, ellas, Uds. escribieron ESCRIBIR (TO WRITE) *-ER & -IR VERBS HAVE THE SAME PRETERITE ENDINGS. *The nosotros form of -ir verbs (-imos) is the same in the present and in the preterite. Watch for context clues to tell you the tense. Completa Act. 5, p. 96

Demonstrative adjectives (this, these, that, those)- used to point out nouns, p. 100 Person or item is CLOSE Person or item is CLOSE masculine feminine masculine feminine este(this) esta(this) este(this) esta(this) estos (these) estas (these) estos (these) estas (these)

Demonstrative adjectives (this, these, that, those)- used to point out nouns (contd- p. 100) Person or item is NOT CLOSE Person or item is NOT CLOSE masculine feminine masculine feminine ese(that) esa(that) ese(that) esa(that) esos (those) esas (those) esos (those) esas (those)

Demonstrative adjectives (this, these, that, those)- used to point out nouns (contd) Person or item is FAR AWAY ( over there) Person or item is FAR AWAY ( over there) masculine feminine masculine feminine aquel(that- over there ) aquella(that- over there ) aquel(that- over there ) aquella(that- over there ) aquellos (those- over there ) aquellas (those- over there ) aquellos (those- over there ) aquellas (those- over there )

EXAMPLES Demonstrative adjectives are placed before the noun and agree with this noun. Demonstrative adjectives are placed before the noun and agree with this noun. ¿Cuánto cuesta este anillo? (How much does this ring cost?) ¿Cuánto cuesta este anillo? (How much does this ring cost?) Ese anillo cuesta diez dólares. (That ring costs 10 dollars.) Ese anillo cuesta diez dólares. (That ring costs 10 dollars.) Aquel anillo es más barato. (That ring (over there) is cheaper. Aquel anillo es más barato. (That ring (over there) is cheaper.

Demonstrative pronouns (this, these, that, those)- used to replace nouns, p. 100 Person or item is CLOSE Person or item is CLOSE masculine feminine masculine feminine éste(this one) ésta(this one) éste(this one) ésta(this one) éstos (these ones) éstas (these ones) éstos (these ones) éstas (these ones) ¿Cuánto cuesta éste? (How much does this one cost?) (referring to el anillo) ¿Cuánto cuesta éste? (How much does this one cost?) (referring to el anillo)

Demonstrative pronouns (this, these, that, those)- used to replace nouns (contd- p. 100) Person or item is NOT CLOSE Person or item is NOT CLOSE masculine feminine masculine feminine ése(that one)ésa(that one) ése(that one)ésa(that one) ésos (those ones)ésas (those ones) ésos (those ones)ésas (those ones) Ése cuesta diez dólares. (That one costs ten dollars). (referring to el anillo)

Demonstrative pronouns (this, these, that, those)- used to replace nouns (contd- p. 100) Person or item is FAR AWAY ( over there) Person or item is FAR AWAY ( over there) masculine feminine masculine feminine aquél (that one- over there aquélla (that one- over there) aquél (that one- over there aquélla (that one- over there) aquéllos (those ones- over there) aquéllas (those ones- over there) aquéllos (those ones- over there) aquéllas (those ones- over there) Aquél es más barato. (That one- over there is cheaper.) (referring to el anillo) Completa Act. 13, p. 101 (parte B) e

PENSAR + INFINITIVE (TO PLAN, TO PLAN ON) (p. 118) Pienso acostarme temprano esta noche. Pienso acostarme temprano esta noche. (I plan to go (on going) to bed early tonight.) ¿Piensa usted visitar el museo? (Are you planning to visit the museum?) Completa Act. 5, p. 118

REFLEXIVE VERBS- DESCRIBE ACTIONS DONE TO OR FOR ONESELF (p. 119) All reflexive verbs are expressed with a reflexive pronoun. All reflexive verbs are expressed with a reflexive pronoun. Attach the reflexive pronoun at the end of an infinitive. Attach the reflexive pronoun at the end of an infinitive. Place the reflexive pronoun before the conjugated verb. Place the reflexive pronoun before the conjugated verb.

BAÑARSE (TO TAKE A BATH) yo me baño yo me baño tú te bañas tú te bañas él, ella, Ud. se baña él, ella, Ud. se baña nosotros(as) nos bañamos nosotros(as) nos bañamos vosotros(as) os bañáis vosotros(as) os bañáis ellos, ellas, Uds. se bañan ellos, ellas, Uds. se bañan ¿A qué hora te despiertas? (placement before conjugated verb) ¿A qué hora te quieres despertar? (placement before conjugated verb) OR ¿A qué hora quieres despertarte? (placement at end of infinitive –attached)

Reflexive verbs (contd) Some verbs are not always reflexive. Some verbs are not always reflexive. Yo despierto a Celia a las siete. (I wake Celia at seven- action not done for oneself.) Yo despierto a Celia a las siete. (I wake Celia at seven- action not done for oneself.) Yo me despierto a las siete. (I wake (myself) up at seven. Yo me despierto a las siete. (I wake (myself) up at seven. Completa Act. 6, 7, p. 120

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE- USED TO SAY WHAT IS HAPPENING RIGHT NOW (p. 124) Use a form of estar (to be) with a verb ending in -ing (present participle). Use a form of estar (to be) with a verb ending in -ing (present participle). To form an -ing verb (present participle), drop the end of the infinitive and add -ando (-ar verbs) and -iendo (-er/-ir verbs) To form an -ing verb (present participle), drop the end of the infinitive and add -ando (-ar verbs) and -iendo (-er/-ir verbs) comprar> comprando comer> comiendo escribir>escribiendo

Present progressive (contd) When an –er or –ir verb stem ends in a vowel, change the -iendo to -yendo. When an –er or –ir verb stem ends in a vowel, change the -iendo to -yendo. leer> leyendo creer> creyendo Some -ir verbs change vowels. decir> diciendo dormir> durmiendo ir> yendo (rarely used) morir> muriendo (to die)

Present progressive (contd) Pronouns can either be placed before the conjugated form of estar or attached to the end of the present participle. If the pronoun is attached to the present participle, you need to add an accent to the stressed vowel. Pronouns can either be placed before the conjugated form of estar or attached to the end of the present participle. If the pronoun is attached to the present participle, you need to add an accent to the stressed vowel. Me estoy arreglando. OR Estoy arreglándome. Me estoy arreglando. OR Estoy arreglándome. Lo estamos estudiando. OR Estamos estudiándolo. Lo estamos estudiando. OR Estamos estudiándolo. Pablo nos está explicando la tarea. OR Pablo está explicándonos la tarea. Pablo nos está explicando la tarea. OR Pablo está explicándonos la tarea. Completa Act. 14, p. 125