Trabajo productivo y trabajo improductivo 9-IX-2013

Definición Dado que la producción de plusvalía es el fin de la producción capitalista sólo el trabajo que produce plusvalía es productivo. Así el trabajo de un chofer que se emplea en una empresa transportista es productivo. El trabajo de un chofer que transporta a un accionista de esa compañía de transporte es improductivo.

El trabajo que se cambia por capital es productivo. El trabajo que se cambia por ingreso es improductivo. El ejemplo del ebanista: No es productivo ni improductivo si se emplea por cuenta propia Es productivo si trabaja como asalariado Es improductivo cuando se cambia por ingreso del capitalista al elaborar su bibliotéca.

Trabajo manual y trabajo intelectual La diferencia entre trabajos según su carácter manual o intelectual no determina su productividad o improductividad para el capital.

Producción y circulación En la definición anterior faltó precisar que sólo el trabajo que se cambia por capital productivo es trabajo productivo. El trabajo que se cambia por capital dedicado a actividades circulatorias ya sean de mercancías o de dinero es improductivo. Recordar que las actividades de acopio y transporte son productivas que se realizan por capitales dedicados a la circulación.

GM, Income Statement (miles dól) Period EndingDec 31, 2008 Total Revenue 148,979,000 Cost of Revenue 150,603,000 Gross Profit (1,624,000)

Operating Expenses Research Development Selling General and Administrative 19,660,000 Non Recurring Others Operating Income or Loss (21,284,000) Total Other Income/Expenses Net (5,759,000) Earnings Before Interest And Taxes (27,043,000)

Interest Expense2,345,000 Income Before Tax(29,388,000) Income Tax Expense1,766,000 Minority Interest 108,000 Net Income From Continuing Ops (30,860,000)

Non-recurring Events Discontinued Operations- 4,565,000 - Extraordinary Items- - - Effect Of Accounting Changes- - - Other Items Net Income (30,860,000) Fuente: ncome+Statement&annual ncome+Statement&annual

Todo trabajo productivo es trabajo asalariado No todo trabajo asalariado es trabajo productivo Trabajo en la esfera circulación: Selling General and Administrative Trabajo desempeñado en el sector público pués se paga con impuestos

Sector público Es improductivo el trabajo dedicado a la salud, la educación, etceterá de caracter público. Si esas actividades se privatizaran serían trabajo productivo Las actividades que fructifican en un producto que reditua ganancia ocupan trabajo productivo-. En ese caso se habla de capital público: producción de electricidad, empresas de transporte, etc. Se desarrollaron mucho despúes del 2a Guerra Mundial y despúes fueron privatizadas.

Trabajo doméstico El desarrollado para reproducir la vida de los trabajadores: cuidado y mantenimiento de la familia. Es trabajo desempeñado en la esfera privada, por ello no es productivo o improductivo. Como se efectua principalmente por la mujer algunos explican la discriminación de genero por el hecho de que no se valorice monetariamente.

Materialidad del trabajo y productividad Se ha confundido la productividad del trabajo con su materialidad. Por ejemplo en la URSS se contabilizaba el producto material de la sociedad excluyendo los servicios. Hoy se explica la decadencia económica de los EUA por la desindustrialización.

Outsourcing is not a mutually beneficial trade practice its outright labor arbitrage. Companies producing for U.S. markets are substituting cheap labor for expensive U.S. labor. The U.S. loses jobs and also the capital and technology that move offshore to employ the cheaper foreign labor.

Algunos efectos del crecimiento del trabajo improductivo S plusvalía Π Plusvalía potencialmente acumulable U Salarios de trabajadores improductivos Π/S=(S-U)/S=1-U/S Dividiendo entre V salario de trabajadores productivos Π/S=1-(U/V)/(S/V) Inversamente U/V Diectamente S/V

On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs David Graeber In the year 1930, John Maynard Keynes predicted that, by centurys end, technology would have advanced sufficiently that countries like Great Britain or the United States would have achieved a 15-hour work week.

Gran cantidad de personas, en Europa y América del Norte, en particular, pasan toda su vida laboral realizando tareas que en secreto piensan que no deberían realmente realizar. El daño moral y espiritual que proviene de esta situación es profundo. Es una cicatriz en el alma colectiva. Sin embargo, prácticamente nadie habla de ello. Why did Keynes promised utopia – still being eagerly awaited in the 60s – never materialise? The standard line today is that he didnt figure in the massive increase in consumerism.

Over the course of the last century, the number of workers employed as domestic servants, in industry, and in the farm sector has collapsed dramatically. At the same time, professional, managerial, clerical, sales, and service workers tripled, growing from one-quarter to three- quarters of total employment. In other words, productive jobs have, just as predicted, been largely automated away (even if you count industrial workers globally, including the toiling masses in India and China, such workers are still not nearly so large a percentage of the world population as they used to be).

But rather than allowing a massive reduction of working hours to free the worlds population to pursue their own projects, pleasures, visions, and ideas, we have seen the ballooning not even so much of the service sector as of the administrative sector, up to and including the creation of whole new industries like financial services or telemarketing, or the unprecedented expansion of sectors like corporate law, academic and health administration, human resources, and public relations.

And these numbers do not even reflect on all those people whose job is to provide administrative, technical, or security support for these industries, or for that matter the whole host of ancillary industries (dog-washers, all- night pizza deliverymen) that only exist because everyone else is spending so much of their time working in all the other ones. These are what I propose to call bullshit jobs.

The answer clearly isnt economic: its moral and political. The ruling class has figured out that a happy and productive population with free time on their hands is a mortal danger (think of what started to happen when this even began to be approximated in the 60s). And, on the other hand, the feeling that work is a moral value in itself, and that anyone not willing to submit themselves to some kind of intense work discipline for most of their waking hours deserves nothing, is extraordinarily convenient for them.

He had become first a poet, then the front man in an indie rock band. Id heard some of his songs on the radio having no idea the singer was someone I actually knew. He was obviously brilliant, innovative, and his work had unquestionably brightened and improved the lives of people all over the world. Yet, after a couple of unsuccessful albums, hed lost his contract, and plagued with debts and a newborn daughter, ended up, as he put it, taking the default choice of so many directionless folk: law school.

Now hes a corporate lawyer working in a prominent New York firm. He was the first to admit that his job was utterly meaningless, contributed nothing to the world, and, in his own estimation, should not really exist.