Prepared by Hans Huth Border Environmental Coordinator Arizona Department of Environmental Quality Coordinador Ambiental Fronterizo Departamento del Medio Ambiente de Arizona Biodiesel Background and Basics Antecedentes y Técnicas de Biodiesel Image courtesy of

General Background Antecedentes

Census 2000 Census 159,787 residents Annual growth rate 4.9% Unofficial estimates at 300 – 350K 87 maquiladoras 1000 new jobs (1/04) Census del ,787 residentes Crecimiento anual 4.9% Estimados Actual 300 – 350 mil 87 maquiladoras Mil nuevos empleos (1/04)

Arizona Sonora Nogales Arroyo de Nogales Nogales Wash 40% Santa Cruz 60% Los Alizos Colectores + Emisor Central Collectors + Main Interceptor Infrastructure Infraestructura

Mascarenas Santa Barbara Los Alizos Agua Zarca Arizona Sonora Conveyance Transporte El Emisor Principal transporta aguas residuals a la Planta Internacional de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales (PITAR) International Outfall Interceptor (IOI) conveys wastewater to the International Wastewater Treatment Plant (IWTP).

2 maquilaodoras violated standards for Pb (> 1.5 ppm) 2 maquiladoras tuvieron violaciones para Pb (> 1.5 ppm) 2 maquiladoras violated standards for Zinc (> 9.0 ppm) 2 maquiladoras tuvieron violaciones para Zn (> 9.0 ppm) 11 maquiladoras violated stds for Oil and Grease (> 75 ppm) 11 maquiladoras tuvieron violaciones para AyG (> 75 ppm) Of the maquiladoras for which we have data … De las maquiladoras de la cual tenemos datos … Annual Pretreatment Report Reporte Anual de Pretratamiento – 2004 NOM-002-SEMARNAT-1996

Oil and Grease Aceite y Grasa

Transesterification Transesterificacion Glycerin Ester MethanolLye Methyl Ester

Biodiesel Benefits: - Processing technology is relatively inexpensive and simple - $0.67 / gallon ($0.19 / liter) - May be blended with petroleum diesel - Requires no diesel engine retrofitting for blends Beneficios: - Tecnología para procesar es relativamente simple y barata - $0.67 / galón ($0.19 / litro) - Se puede mezclar con petróleos de diesel existentes - No requiere cambios a un motor de diesel para uso con mezclas

Biodiesel Benefits: - EPA-recognized alternative fuel with relatively low emissions Beneficios: - Reconocido por la EPA como un petróleo alternativo y de baja emisiones

Biodiesel Source: EPA Website

Biodiesel Benefits: - EPA-recognized alternative fuel with relatively low emissions - Increased lubricity extends life of diesel engines Beneficios: - Reconocido por la EPA como un petróleo alternativo y de baja emisiones - Alta lubricidad extiende la vida de maquinas de diesel

Biodiesel Benefits: - EPA-recognized alternative fuel with relatively low emissions - Increased lubricity extends life of diesel engines - Negligible power / torque loss relative to fossil fuels Beneficios: - Reconocido por la EPA como un petróleo alternativo y de baja emisiones - Alta lubricidad extiende la vida de maquinas de diesel - Rendimiento es similar a petróleos fósiles

Biodiesel Power (Potenica) (kW) Torque (par de torsión) Nm Source: University of Idaho cited in “From the Fryer to the Fuel Tank”

Biodiesel Benefits: - EPA-recognized alternative fuel with relatively low emissions - Increased lubricity extends life of diesel engines - Negligible power / torque loss relative to fossil fuels - Uses market incentives to solve a regulatory issue Beneficios: - Reconocido por la EPA como un petróleo alternativo y de baja emisiones - Alta lubricidad extiende la vida de maquinas de diesel - Rendimiento es similar a petróleos fósiles - Usa incentivos del mercado para solucionar un problema de regulación Image courtesy of

Biodiesel Impediments: - Sources in Nogales are poorly characterized - Local collection infrastructure for oil and grease is non-existent - No biodiesel refineries / expertise exist in Nogales Barreras: - Cuencas en Nogales no están bien caracterizadas - No existe infraestructura local para la colección de aceite y grasa - Capacitación local en la creación de biodiesel no existe en Nogales BORDER 2012 CAN HELP FRONTERA 2012 PUEDE AYUDAR Image courtesy of

“The Biodiesel Capacity Building and Demonstration Project - Ambos Nogales” Goals: 1)Gather and map data on local sources of waste cooking oils. 2)Establish and operate facilities for small scale testing / production. 3)Use locally-produced biodiesel in (publicly owned) diesel vehicles. 4)Conduct education and outreach regarding recycling. 5)Develop a general plan for larger scale production. Border 2012 Water Task Force $90,000 Request with $15,000 Match

“The Biodiesel Capacity Building and Demonstration Project - Ambos Nogales” Applicants: Rio Rico Fire District (Mike Foster – Fire Chief) Bomberos de Nogales (Volunteer Firefighters Nogales, Sonora) Instituto Tecnologico de Nogales (Irma Fragosa) UA Dept of Anthropology and Applied Research (Dr. Diane Austin) Rio Rico Rentals Inc. (Mr. Gilbert Romero) ADEQ will provide support with source characterization via mapping of ITN survey. This will help with Pretreatment Objectives for Nogales, Sonora

“The Biodiesel Capacity Building and Demonstration Project - Ambos Nogales” Border 2012 Objectives 1)Reduce Water Contamination; Objective 1: Provide wastewater operation and maintenance (including pretreatment) training and program development for Mexican Communities.) 2)Reduce Air Pollution; Objective 1: Reduce air emissions via implementation of diesel reduction demonstration projects and implementation of biodiesel projects for Ambos Nogales.

Source Characterization Caracterización de Cuencas

Transesterification Transesterificacion Glycerin Ester MethanolLye 15% 20 – 25% 5 gr / l FFA +? gr / l

WVO collected from local cafeteria. (used recycled buckets which were originally used to transfer and/or store chlorine tablets for pool disinfection)

Isopropyl Alcohol WVO Sample Syringe for 1 ml WVO Syringe for 10 ml alcohol Phenol Red

Addition of 1 ml WVO to 10 ml alcohol + 5 drops phenol

Appearance after titration (Must hold red color for 30 seconds)

= 3 ml

Transesterification Transesterificacion Glycerin Ester MethanolLye 15% 20 – 25% 5 gr / l FFA +3 gr / l Methyl Ester SOAP Severely burned oil requires more lye = more soap Aceite re-quemado requiere mas NaOH = mas jabón

Small Scale Production Producción Industrial Escala Baja

Whirlpool 50 gallon Water heater Upper Element Lower Element Temp / Pressure Relief Valve Cold H2O Hot H2O Anode Drain Valve Junction Box

$ Box of Parts

Box of Parts from

Completed processor

Biodiesel Bubblewash Lavando Biodiesel con Aire y Agua

Aquarium pump Note H2O rinse entraining in bubbles and settling Biodiesel Bubblewash Lavando Biodiesel con Aire y Agua

Biodiesel Bubblewash Lavando Biodiesel con Aire y Agua

Small Scale Production Producción Industrial Escala Baja Processor WashTank Storage

“The Biodiesel Capacity Building and Demonstration Project - Ambos Nogales” Goals: 1)Gather and map data on local sources of waste cooking oils 2)Establish and operate facilities for small scale testing / production 3)Use locally-produced biodiesel in (publicly owned) diesel vehicles 4)Conduct education and outreach regarding recycling 5)Develop a general plan for larger scale production Locally produced biodiesel scheduled for blending (as B20) in ITN busses and Fire Department emergency-response vehicles on both sides of the line.

“The Biodiesel Capacity Building and Demonstration Project - Ambos Nogales” Goals: 1)Gather and map data on local sources of waste cooking oils 2)Establish and operate facilities for small scale testing / production 3)Use locally-produced biodiesel in (publicly owned) diesel vehicles 4)Conduct education and outreach regarding recycling 5)Develop a general plan for larger scale production We’ll be contacting local (US) biodiesel coops (i.e. Tucson BBC and/or Grecycle.com) for guidance and direction.

Presentation available at: Donations of time, expertise, and/or materials are welcome. Thank You! Prepared by Hans Huth Border Environmental Coordinator Arizona Department of Environmental Quality Coordinador Ambiental Fronterizo Departamento del Medio Ambiente de Arizona

Slides for Q & A One Liter Experimental Batch Experimento en Producción de un Litro

JJ (C-100) Scale used to weigh out 8 gr NaOH (Red Devil Lye) (5 gr + 3 additional determined from titration)

Preparing Methoxide for one liter reaction. 8 gr NaOH (Red Devil Lye) ml methanol (HEET) 8 gr NaOH determined from titration: (5ml NaOH + 3ml of 0.1% NaOH to bring pH of WVO/Alcohol solution to 8.5)

Blending Methoxide with one liter WVO (WVO heated to 60 degrees C prior to mix) Candy thermometer for measuring temp of WVO prior to pouring off in 1 liter bottle and mixing with methoxide

Appearance of reaction after 5 minutes

Appearance of reaction after 24 hours Biodiesel Glycerin

Experimental bubble-wash setup Water layer used to wash biodiesel “Air regulator” Aquarium pump

Experimental bubble-wash setup in action. Note appearance of soap in wash.

Aquarium pump Note H2O rinse entraining in bubbles and settling Biodiesel Bubblewash Lavando Biodiesel con Aire y Agua

Unwashed Biodiesel Glycerin Washed Biodiesel Clear wash water test Wash Water from first washing Emulsification

Considerations for Use Consideraciones para el Uso

Precautions - Viton recommended for 100% biodiesel in older vehicles - Requires fuel filter maintenance given cleansing effects Precauciones - Viton recomendado para 100% biodiesel en vehículos viejos - Mantenimiento de filtros de petróleo dado efectos de limpieza Biodiesel

Demonstration of Biodiesel Use Demostración del Uso de Biodiesel Invest $1800 in 1982 Mercedes Benz – 240D w/ 250,000 miles Inversion de $1800 en un 1982 Mercedes Benz – 240D con 402,300 km Jan 1 st, 2006: 4400 miles logged on B99 Enero 1, 2006: 6400 km usando B99

Demonstration of Biodiesel Use Demostración del Uso de Biodiesel

Fuel Line from Fuel Tank Primary Fuel Filter Hand Prime Pump Main Fuel Filter Fuel Injector Rail Fuel Return Hoses Fuel Line to Main Fuel Filter 1 inch (length) Fuel Line to Hand Prime Pump (Not visible here) Fuel Line to Fuel Injector Rail

Fuel Line from Fuel Tank Primary Fuel Filter Hand Prime Pump Main Fuel Filter Fuel Injector Rail Fuel Return Hoses Fuel Line to Main Fuel Filter 1 inch (length) Fuel Line to Hand Prime Pump (Not visible here) Fuel Line to Fuel Injector Rail

Fuel Line from Fuel Tank Primary Fuel Filter Hand Prime Pump Main Fuel Filter Fuel Injector Rail Fuel Return Hoses Fuel Line to Main Fuel Filter 1 inch (length) Fuel Line to Hand Prime Pump (Not visible here) Fuel Line to Fuel Injector Rail

Main Fuel Filter Primary Fuel Filter

Primary Fuel Filter After 740 miles on B20 and 675 miles on B100. I’m uncertain as to how many miles were originally on this filter, but it did not look like this prior to fueling with B20. Consistency of tar

Spill from new filter Spill from old filter

Demonstration of Biodiesel Use Demostración del Uso de Biodiesel