El Subjuntivo A “mood”, not a “tense”

The Moods  Indicative Knowledge Certainty  Subjunctive Doubt Desire Emotion

The Bad News…  For every tense that you have learned Present Past Future Etc. There is an equivalent Subjunctive form!

The Good News…  None of this (in my opinion) is as difficult as the distinction between Preterite and Imperfect. Let’s look at the conjugations of the Present Tense!

Present Tense (Review) Write the conjugations of the present tense for these regular verbs: CantarMeterEscribir Canto Cantas Canta Cantamos Cantan Meto Metes Mete Metemos Meten Escribo Escribes Escribe Escribimos Escriben Yo Tú Él, ella, Ud Nosotros Ellos, Uds.

A few irregular “yo” forms (Rev) TenerDecir Conocer Tengo Tienes Tiene Tenemos Tienen Digo Dices Dice Decimos Dicen Conozco Conoces Conoce Conocemos Conocen Yo Tú Él, ella, Ud Nosotros Ellos, Uds.

Present Tense Subjunctive How to conjugate it.

Remember “Formal Commands?  Take the “yo” form of the verb  Add the opposite endings expected Yo hablo -> Yo hable Yo como -> Yo coma Yo tengo -> Yo tenga If you know how to form formal commands, you can conjugate in the Present Tense Subjunctive. Use –ar endings for – er/-ir verbs & vice-versa

Answers to exercise Dr. García, ____________________________(cantar), por favor. ¡Amigos! ¡No ____________________________(decir) mentiras! Señora, por favor __________________________(tener) cuidado. Alumnos, ¡______________________(escribir) un ensayo de 100 palabras! cante digan tenga escriban What you are actually using here is the subjunctive!

Form the Present Tense Subjunctive Aplastar ConocerDecir Yo Tú Él, ella, Ud Nosotros Ellos, Uds. Don’t forget: Use the yo form and add the opposite endings. Aplaste Aplastes Aplaste Aplastemos Aplasten Conozca Conozcas Conozca Conozcamos Conozcan Diga Digas Diga Digamos Digan

Irregulares Ser Ir Saber Dar Estar Sea Seas Sea Seamos Sean Yo Tú Él, ella, Ud Nosotros Ellos, Uds. Vaya Vayas Vaya Vayamos Vayan Sepa Sepas Sepa Sepamos Sepan Dé Des Dé Demos Den Esté Estés Esté Estemos Estén Don’t mix this one up with the preterite tense: “supe, supiste, etc.”!

A little linguistics terminology clause – a part of a sentence containing a subject and verb conjunction – a word that connects two clauses (que) Main clause The man says that he is tired. Dependent clause conjunction Rule: Spanish NEVER avoids using “que” when connecting two clauses (English often avoids using a conjunction.)

O.K. when do we use it? We use it when the Main Clause expresses:  Emotion(Yo tengo miedo…)  Doubt/denial(Nosotros dudamos…)  Imposition of will (María recomienda…) “indirect command” After any of the above, the dependent clause will be subjunctive. Nosotros tenemos miedo que tú no la conozcas. (We are afraid that you don’t know her.)

The “Formula” (copy it) Main ClauseDependent Clause Emotion Doubt/denial Imp. of will + Change of Subject que = Subjunctive

Some structural rules  When connecting two sentences together, a “que” must always be used.  Only the verb on the “right-hand” side is subjunctive  All other grammar rules that you have learned apply

Let’s try one… Emotion Translate: I am afraid. Yo tengo miedo. Miguel doesn’t speak Spanish Miguel no habla español. Connect both clauses with the word “that”. Yo tengo miedo que Miguel no hable español. Note how the verb changed!

Let’s plug that into the “formula” Yo tengo miedo que Miguel no hable español. Main clause  Emotion  Doubt/denial +  Imp. of will Change of Subject = Subjunctive queDependent clause

What happens if part of the formula is missing? Yo sé que Miguel no hable español. Main clause  Emotion  Doubt/denial +  Imp. of will Change of Subject = Subjunctive queDependent clause Yo tengo miedo que Miguel no hable español.Miguel no español.habla Indicative

Copy these verbs of emotion Tener miedo Temer Esperar Ojalá Alegrarse de Sentir Celebrar Sorprenderse To be afraid To fear To hope “I hope” To be happy To regret, to be sorry To rejoice, celebrate To be surprised

Doubt/Denial Dudar No creer negar To doubt To not believe To deny

Imposition of Will Recomendar Insistir en Sugerir Rogar Pedir Querer Necesitar Mandar exigir To recommend To insist upon To suggest To beg To ask for To want To need To order To demand

Homework  Learn the conjugations  Learn the formula  Learn the vocabulary that expresses emotion