“U.S.-MEXICO UNDOCUMENTED MIGRATION AND TECHNOLOGY: PERSPECTIVES FROM SAN DIEGO-TIJUANA CROSSINGS” RAFAEL ALARCÓN MARIA EUGENIA ANGUIANO

1990 = 3.8 million 2000 = 8.7 million 3.9 million from Mexico (44 %) 1.3 million from Asia 1.1 million from Europe 625,000 from South America Undocumented Population in the U.S. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2000

Legal Immigration from Mexico to the U.S. by Sex Source: Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2000

Apprehensions in the U.S.-Mexico Border ( ) Source: Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2000

Increase in Financial and Human Resources for Border Enforcement INS Budget: 1988 = $ 807 million 1993 = $ 1.6 billion 2001 = $ 4.3 billion Number of Border Patrol Agents: 1924 – 1993: no more than 2, – 2003: more than 10,000 Source: Huspek 2001, Nevins, 2002

Enhanced Enforcement Measures in the U.S.-Mexico Border Operation Hold the Line: El Paso, Texas – 9 / 1993 Operation Gatekeeper: San Diego – 10 / 1994 Operation Safeguard: Nogales, Arizona – 1994 Operation Rio Grande: Rio Grande Valley of Texas Source: Cornelius, Wayne. 2001

Use of New Technologies in Border Enforcement High-intensity, stadium-type lighting Infrared night scopes or thermal imaging devices Motion-detecting sensors Remote video surveillance systems linked to in- ground sensors IDENT: computerized system of biometric scanning Source: Cornelius, Wayne. 2001

Impact of Increased Border Enforcement on Migration Flows from Mexico Data from the Survey on Migration in the Northern Border of Mexico (EMIF) Two periods: : before increased border enforcement : full implementation of border enforcement

Northern Region Traditional Sending Region Central Region South and South-East Region Mexican Migration to the U.S. by Sending Region Source: CONAPO, 2000

Region of Residence of Mexican Migrants Heading to the U.S. Source: Encuesta sobre Migración en la Frontera Norte de México. (EMIF). Cuadro

Labor Migrants Heading to the U.S. with more than 9 Years of Education Source: Encuesta sobre Migración en la Frontera Norte de México. (EMIF). Cuadro 2.9.1

Heads of Household among Labor Migrants Heading to the U.S. by Sex Source: Encuesta sobre Migración en la Frontera Norte de México. (EMIF) Cuadro 1.4.1

Mexican Migrants Heading to the U.S. with Documents to Cross the Border by Sex Source: Encuesta sobre Migración en la Frontera Norte de México. (EMIF). Cuadro 6.3.1

Mexican Migrants Heading to the U.S. with Documents to Work by Sex Source: Encuesta sobre Migración en la Frontera Norte de México. (EMIF). Cuadro 6.2.1