Herramientas de mano 1926 Subpart I - Tools – Hand and Power This presentation is designed to assist trainers conducting OSHA 10-hour Construction Industry outreach training for workers. Since workers are the target audience, this presentation emphasizes hazard identification, avoidance, and control – not standards. No attempt has been made to treat the topic exhaustively. It is essential that trainers tailor their presentations to the needs and understanding of their audience. This presentation is not a substitute for any of the provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 or for any standards issued by the U.S. Department of Labor. Mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Labor.

Accidentes Son los siguientes: Objetos que caen y pueden ser abrasivos o estar ardiendo Vapores y humos nocivos Riesgos eléctricos Hand and power tools are a part of our everyday lives. These tools help us to perform tasks that otherwise would be difficult or impossible. However, even simple tools can be hazardous, and have the potential for causing severe injuries when used or maintained improperly. Special attention toward hand and power tool safety is necessary in order to reduce or eliminate these hazards.

Reglas básicas Mantenimiento Usar la herramienta adecuada Inspeccionar antes de usar Seguir las instrucciones Usar EPIs Emplear las medidas de seguridad

Accidentes en herramientas de mano Habitualmente ligados a un mal uso a falta de mantenimiento No emplear: herramientas fisuradas cinceles aplastados herramientas con la zona de agarre rota rotura 1926.301 • If a screwdriver is used as a chisel, the tip of the chisel may break and fly off, hitting the user or other employees. • If a wooden handle on a tool, such as a hammer or an axe is loose, splintered, or cracked, the head of the tool may fly off and strike the user or other employees. • If the jaws of a wrench are sprung, the wrench might slip. • If impact tools, such as chisels, wedges, or drift pins have mushroomed heads, the heads might shatter on impact, sending sharp fragments flying toward the user or other employees.

Protección en herramientas de mano Epis, guantes y gafas Superficie de trabajo limpia Herramientas cortantes bien guardadas si no se usan 1926.300(c) and (a) and 1926.25 Provide the necessary PPE to employees using hand and power tools to protect them from hazards of falling, flying, abrasive, and splashing objects, or exposure to harmful dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases.

Herramientas eléctricas Deben tener protecciones e interruptores de seguridad Muy peligrosas 1926.300(b) and 1926.302

Interruptores Al menos: Interruptor de presión constante: la presión debe desconectar la máquina Interruptor de encendido/apagado 1926.300(d) Switches Use "on-off" control: hand-held powered platen sanders, grinders with wheels 2-inch diameter or less, routers, planers, laminate trimmers, nibblers, shears, scroll saws, and jigsaws with blade shanks one-fourth of an inch wide or less Use momentary contact "on-off" control and may have a lock-on control provided that turnoff can be accomplished by a single motion of the same finger or fingers that turn it on: hand-held powered drills, tappers, fastener drivers, horizontal, vertical, and angle grinders with wheels greater than 2 inches in diameter, disc sanders, belt sanders, reciprocating saws, saber saws, and other similar operating powered tools. Use a constant pressure switch which shuts off power when released: All other hand-held powered tools, such as circular saws, chain saws, and percussion tools without positive accessory holding means

Herramientas eléctricas: precauciones Desconectar cuando no se usen, cuando se deban limpiar o cuando se deban cambiar componentes Personal no involucrado en la tarea debe mantenerse alejado Libertad de acción Limpieza La ropa no debe poderse enganchar con partes de la máquina. Atención joyas. Marcar la herramienta estropeada claramente

Herramientas eléctricas: precauciones Cables eléctricos No transportar por los cables. Tampoco subir o bajar la máquina No estirar del cable para desconectar Preservar el cable de roturas 1926.302(a)(2)

Herramientas eléctricas: precauciones toma de tierra aislamiento suficiente de la carcasa o voltaje bajo 1926.302 (a)(1) Three-wire cords contain two current-carrying conductors and a grounding conductor. Any time an adapter is used to accommodate a two-hole receptacle, the adapter wire must be attached to a known ground. The third prong must never be removed from the plug. Double-insulated tools are available that provide protection against electrical shock without third-wire grounding. On double-insulated tools, an internal layer of protective insulation completely isolates the external housing of the tool. tipo de aislamiento toma de tierra

Herramientas eléctricas: precauciones Emplear dentro de límites Guantes y calzado Almacenar en lugar seco No emplear en lugares húmedos When using gloves, make sure they will not cause an amputation hazard by becoming loose clothing.

Herramientas abrasivas Pueden lanzar materiales: Necesario sistema de seguridad Cubiertas Correcta alineación El sistema debe asegurar que la hoja quede lo más oculta posible 1926.303(b)(2), 1926.303 (c)(5)

1926.303 (c)(7) A stable and undamaged wheel when tapped will give a clear metallic tone or “ring.”

Herramientas abrasivas Para prevenir la rotura: asegurar la hoja según las instrucciones vigilar la dirección de giro no emplear si la velocidad de giro excede la de la hoja EPIs en ojos velocidad máxima 1926.303 (c)(8), 1926.303 (c)(9)

Plataformas de trabajo Al menos a 3 mm No ajustar si la hoja gira 1926.303(e) On offhand grinding machines, use work rests to support the work. They are to be equipped with adjustable work rests to compensate for wheel wear. The work rest shall be securely clamped after each adjustment. The adjustment shall not be made with the wheel in motion. 1926.303(c)(2) Floor and bench-mounted grinders shall be provided with work rests which are rigidly supported and readily adjustable. Keep these work rests not more than one-eighth inch from the surface of the wheel.

Protecciones Recogen las zonas en movimiento Nunca retirar de la máquina 1926.300(b)(2)

Sierra circular Muy peligrosa debidamente protegida 1926.304(g)(1) The upper hood shall completely enclose the upper portion of the blade down to a point that will include the end of the saw arbor. Construct the upper hood in a manner and of material that will protect the operator from flying splinters, broken saw teeth, etc., and will deflect sawdust. Guard the sides of the lower exposed portion of the blade to the full diameter of the blade by a device that will automatically adjust itself to the thickness of the stock and remain in contact with stock being cut to give maximum protection possible for the operation being performed. Muy peligrosa

Sierras circulares portátiles 1926.304(d) The upper guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc required to permit the base to be tilted for bevel cuts. The lower guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc required to allow proper retraction and contact with the work. When the tool is withdrawn from the work, the lower guard shall automatically and instantly return to the covering position. GRAPHIC The graphic depicts a portable saw where the worker is holding the bottom guard up to demonstrate how it slides up as the blade comes in contact with the material being cut. La guarda protectora debe quedar más baja que la plataforma de trabajo

Mesas de corte Si está levantada se debe desconectar la máquina Guarda 1926.304(h)(1) Hand-fed crosscut table saws Each circular crosscut table saw shall be guarded by a hood Si está levantada se debe desconectar la máquina

Herramientas neumáticas Aire comprimido Riesgo: daño al trabajador con el clavo lanzado Precaución especial ante la posibilidad de seccionar cables eléctricos Pistola de clavos

Herramientas neumáticas Las uniones deben prevenir la desconexión Emplear un alambre de seguridad Alambre de seguridad 1926.302(b)(1)

Herramientas neumáticas  Inaceptable  Aceptable bridas 1926.302(b)(1) and (2) Secure pneumatic power tools to the hose by some positive means to prevent the tool from becoming accidentally disconnected. Safety clips or retainers shall be securely installed and maintained on pneumatic impact tools to prevent attachments from being accidentally expelled.

Limpieza por aire comprimido No emplear Excepción – cuando se reduzca la presión a 0,5 MPa 1926.302(b)(4) The 30 p.s.i. requirement does not apply for concrete form, mill scale and similar cleaning purposes.

Herramientas de gasolina Principal problema: vapores e incendios Emplear contenedores inflamables Tras cargar el tanque, alejar el bidón de gasolina o gasoil 1926.302(c) If using a fuel powered tool in an enclosed area such as a trench, be aware that carbon monoxide generated can displace or deplete oxygen. Mechanical ventilation and testing needs to be done.

Herramientas de aire comprimido Operarios con licencia Verificación diaria EPIs Seleccionar la potencia en función del trabajo 1926.302(e)

Accidente Un exceso de potencia atraviesa el muro al que se quería colocar un anclaje de hormigón Fatal Facts A 22-year-old carpenter’s apprentice was killed when he was struck in the head by a nail fired from a powder-actuated nail gun. The nail gun operator fired the gun while attempting to anchor a plywood concrete form, causing the nail to pass through the hollow form. The nail traveled 27 feet before striking the victim. The nail gun operator had never received training on how to use the tool, and none of the employees in the area was wearing PPE. In another situation, two workers were building a wall while remodeling a house. One of the workers was killed when he was struck by a nail fired from a powder-actuated nail gun. The tool operator who fired the nail was trying to attach a piece of plywood to a wooden stud. But the nail shot though the plywood and stud, striking the victim. Below are some OSHA regulations that should have been followed. • Employees using powder- or pressure-actuated tools must be trained to use them safely. • Employees who operate powder- or pressure-actuated tools must be trained to avoid firing into easily penetrated materials (like plywood). • In areas where workers could be exposed to flying nails, appropriate PPE must be used.

No emplear en ambientes inflamables Inspeccionar para asegurar: limpieza, correcta operación Sólo cagar antes de usar No dejar la herramienta cargada sin vigilancia Alejar las manos de la zona de salida Guardar en lugar seguro

Gatos Base firme Centrado Carga aplicada correctamente Lubricación regular 1926.305(d)(1)(iii), 1926.305(d)(1)(iv) Inspect jacks according to this schedule: (1) for jacks used continuously or intermittently at one site - at least once every 6 months, (2) for jacks sent out of the shop for special work - inspect when sent out and inspect when returned (3) for jacks subjected to abnormal loads or shock - inspect before use and immediately thereafter.

Gatos: capacidad Marcados con carga máxima Marcados con carrera máxima

Gatos: bloqueo Bloquear tras uso Tras el trabajo se bloquea el gato y se ubican otros elementos seguros para retirar el gato 1926.305 (c), 1926.305(d)(1) When it is necessary to provide a firm foundation, block or crib the base of the jack. Where there is a possibility of slippage of the metal cap of the jack, place a a wood block between the cap and the load.