COMUNICACIONES POR FIBRA OPTICA (Optical Fiber Communications)

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COMUNICACIONES POR FIBRA OPTICA (Optical Fiber Communications) Instructor: ING. MIGUEL ANGEL PEREZ SOLANO http://solano.orgfree.com

Naturaleza y características de la luz UNIDAD 1 Naturaleza y características de la luz 1.1.Teoria cuántica y electromagnética. 1.2.Velocidad de la luz. 1.3.Espectro electromagnético 1.4.Longitud de onda 1.5.reflexion. 1.6.Refraccion 1.7.Reflexion total.

Introduccion El uso de la luz para enviar mensajes no es una idea nueva Las comunicaciones ópticas no es lo mismo que las comunicaciones electrónicas. Los dos campos, óptico y electrónico están muy relacionados pero emplean diferentes principios en diferentes formas. Alejandro Graham Bell tuvo la idea de utilizar fibras ópticas para comunicarse. Esta idea tuvo que esperar 80 años para desarrollarse. Se desarrollan nuevas tecnologías en redes LAN, MAN y WAN con el uso de la fibra: ATM, SDH por ejemplo. La luz es una onda electromagnética y la fibra es una guía de onda.

The basic components of an optical communication system- A serial bit stream in electrical form is presented to a modulator, which encodes the data appropriately for fiber transmission. Ÿ A light source (laser or Light Emitting Diode - LED) is driven by the modulator and the light focused into the fiber. Ÿ The light travels down the fiber (during which time it may experience dispersion and loss of strength). Ÿ At the receiver end the light is fed to a detector and converted to electrical form. Ÿ The signal is then amplified and fed to another detector, which isolates the individual state changes and their timing. It then decodes the sequence of state changes and reconstructs the original bit stream. Ÿ The timed bit stream so received may then be fed to a using device

Optical communication has many well-known advantages Weight and Size Material Cost Information Capacity No Electrical Connection No Electromagnetic Interference Distances between Regenerators Open Ended Capacity Better Security

1.1 TEORIA CUANTICA Y ELECTROMAGNETICA We all know a lot about light - it is the basis of our most important sensory function. But the question of what light “really is” can be elusive. Light is usually described in one of three ways Rays: In the classical physics that many of us learned at school, light consisted of “rays” that could be reflected and refracted through mirrors and prisms etc. Electromagnetic Waves: In the context of optical communications, most of the time it will be found that the best way of regarding light is to think of it as an electromagnetic wave. Photons: In many contexts light behaves as though it consists of tiny particles called “photons”. There are a number of phenomena that the wave model of light can't explain. The best known of these is the “photoelectric effect”.

Light as an Electromagnetic Wave One way of thinking about light is to conceive of it as an electromagnetic wave just like a radio wave. Indeed, the word “like” here is a problem. Light and radio waves are not really “like” one another. They are exactly the same thing! The only difference is the wavelength.

Polarisation If we have an electromagnetic field with the electric field in the vertical position (in relation to some arbitrary axis) then we could have another electromagnetic field with the electric field in the horizontal orientation (in relation to the same axes). When this happens the two electromagnetic waves are orthogonal to one another! That is, they are independent and do not interfere with each other. It is also clear that any electromagnetic wave that is oriented between what we have called “vertical” and “horizontal” can be resolved as two components (one in each of the orthogonal directions) The orientation of the electromagnetic field is referred to as “polarisation”.

1.2 Velocidad de la luz La velocidad de la luz en el vacío es por definición una constante universal de valor 299.792.458 m/s (aproximadamente 186.282,397 millas/s)2 3 (suele aproximarse a 3·108 m/s), o lo que es lo mismo 9,46·1015 m/año; la segunda cifra es la usada para definir al intervalo llamado año luz. De acuerdo con la física moderna toda radiación electromagnética (incluida la luz visible) se propaga a una velocidad constante en el vacío, conocida comúnmente como "velocidad de la luz". Ésta es una constante física denotada como c.

1.3 Espectro electromagnético

1.4 Longitud de onda

1.5 Reflexión La reflexión de la luz es el cambio de dirección que experimenta un rayo luminoso al chocar contra la superficie de los cuerpos.

¿Por qué podemos ver los objetos? Podemos ver los objetos que nos rodean porque la luz que se refleja en ellos llega hasta nuestros ojos. Si la superficie en la que se refleja la luz es perfectamente lisa, todos los rayos salen en la misma dirección. Esta forma de reflexión se produce en los espejos o en las superficies de agua totalmente lisas y en calma. Se llama reflexión especular. Si la superficie presenta rugosidades, los rayos salen reflejados en todas las direcciones. Este tipo de reflexión se llama difusa y es la causa de que podamos ver los objetos. REFLEXIÓN DIFUSA REFLEXIÓN ESPECULAR

La reflexión de la luz sigue unas normas La reflexión de la luz se representa por medio de dos rayos: el que llega a una superficie, rayo incidente, y el que sale rebotado después de reflejarse, rayo reflejado. Si se traza una línea recta perpendicular a la superficie (que se denomina normal), el rayo incidente forma un ángulo con dicha recta, que se llama ángulo de incidencia. El rayo reflejado también forma con la normal un ángulo, que se llama ángulo de reflexión. ÁNGULO DE REFLEXIÓN ÁNGULO DE INCIDENCIA RAYO INCIDENTE RAYO REFLEJADO NORMAL

Leyes de la reflexión especular de la luz 1ª.- El rayo incidente, la normal y el rayo reflejado están en el mismo plano. 2ª.- El ángulo de incidencia y el ángulo de reflexión son iguales. ÁNGULO DE REFLEXIÓN ÁNGULO DE INCIDENCIA RAYO INCIDENTE RAYO REFLEJADO NORMAL

1.6 Refracción

1.7 REFLEXION TOTAL

Ejemplos Un vidrio determinado posee un índice de refracción n=1.50. ¿Cuál es el ángulo crítico para la reflexión total de la luz que sale de este vidrio y entra en el aire, para el cual, n=1? Solución: θc = 41,8. Los índices de refracción del núcleo y del revestimiento de una fibra óptica son de 1.5 y 1.45, respectivamente. a) Calcule la velocidad de la luz en el núcleo y en el revestimiento. b) Calcule el ángulo crítico para un rayo que se mueve del núcleo al revestimiento

Apertura numérica