ESTAR + PAST PARTICIPLES

So what, exactly, is a past participle? A past participle is the form of a verb, typically ending in -ed in English, that is used in forming perfect and passive tenses and sometimes as an adjective.

Examples of past participles: FINISHED FALLEN EATEN CALLED DANCED SLEPT STOOD INSPIRED PLAYED Think of these words after HAVE or HAD.

Two uses of participles 1.) VERB 2.) ADJECTIVE

To form the REGULARES: 1.) Drop of the infinitive ending. 2.) For -AR verbs: add “ado” hablar → ado: sacar → ado: 3.) For -ER/-IR verbs: add “ido” comer → ido: vivir → ido: hablado = spoken sacado = taken comido = eaten vivido = lived

Ejemplos: decorar conocer preferir decorado decorated conocido known preferido preferred

Pause for practice: ACT 1

Las Respuestas 1. sentado 2. escondido 3. comido 4. encendido 5. parado 6. hablado

Uso #1: COMO VERBO A past participle is the part of the verb which is used to form compound tenses. Use the present perfect to tell what a person has done. Hemos terminado.. We have finished. No te había visto. I hadn’t seen you.

No te preocupes si no entiendes el uso con verbos. Nosotros vamos a aprenderlo en Capítulo 5.

Uso #2: COMO ADJETIVO Past participles can also function as adjectives. Many adjectives in Spanish are actually PAST PARTICIPLES of verbs. If used as an adjective, They must agree in both gender and number with the noun they modify. Las ventanas están rotas. The windows are broken. El trabajo está terminado. The work is finished. VENTANAS = femenino/plural ROTAS = femenino/plural TRABAJO = masculino/singular TERMINADO = masculino/singular

Estar + Past Participle The past participle is frequently used with estar to describe CONDITIONS that are the result of a previous action. In those cases, the past participle agrees with the subject in gender and number because it is used as an adjective. The painter is seated. La pintora está sentada. The walls were painted. Las paredes estaban pintadas.

Some verbs have irregular past participles. Remember this acronym: REVV MAC PHDD

Romper Escribir Ver Volver Morir Abrir Cubrir Poner Hacer Decir Devolver Roto Escrito Visto Vuelto Muerto Abierto Cubierto Puesto Hecho Dicho Devuelto Broken Written Seen Returned Died Opened Covered Put/Placed Done/Made Said

There is one more verb in the chapter that is not in the acronym: Resolver Resuelto Resolved

To the tune of “Happy Birthday” Or… you can sing my song! To the tune of “Happy Birthday” Dicho, Hecho, Puesto Roto, Vuelto, Visto Devuelto, Escrito Abierto, Muerto ¡Cubierto!

More IRREGULARES Most verbs that have two vowels together in the infinitive have a written accent on the í of the past participle. Caer Oír Traer Leer Reír Sonreír Creer Caído Oído Traído Leído Reído Sonreído Creído

Pause for practice: ACT 2

Los artistas (conocer) Las Respuestas La clase (preparar)  preparada Los vasos (romper) rotos  Los platos (lavar)  lavados El gato (morir)  muerto El trofeo (ganar)  ganado El poema (escribir)  escrito El cuarto (arreglar)  arreglado Las puertas (cerrar)  cerradas Los artistas (conocer)  conocidos Las bebidas (beber)  bebidas Las mesas (poner)  puestas Los árboles (caer)  caídos