Changes in the States of Matter

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Transcripción de la presentación:

Changes in the States of Matter 14.1.2

Phase Changes A change of state, or phase change, is the change from one state to another The identity of the substance doesn’t change, but the amount of energy does Un cambio de estado, o cambio de fase, es el cambio de una sustancia a otra. La identidad de la sustancia no cambia, pero la cantidad de energía sí lo hace

Law of Conservation of Mass: mass cannot be created or destroyed Remember: Energy can change forms during physical and chemical changes, but the TOTAL amount present does not - IF there is a change, it came from another source Law of Conservation of Mass: mass cannot be created or destroyed Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change forms La energía puede cambiar las formas durante los cambios físicos y químicos, pero la cantidad TOTAL presente no: si hay un cambio, vino de otra fuente Ley de Conservación de la Misa: la masa no puede ser creada o destruida Ley de Conservación de Energía: la energía no puede ser creado o destruido, solo puede cambiar formas

Adding energy in the form of heat causes particles to move faster solid → liquid → gas Removing energy causes particles to move slower gas → liquid → solid La adición de energía en forma de calor hace que las partículas se muevan más rápido sólido → líquido → gas La eliminación de energía hace que las partículas se muevan más lentamente → líquido → sólido

Some phase changes require energy, some release energy Require: melting, evaporation, sublimation Release: condensation, deposition A change in energy often means a change in temperature Algunos cambios de fase requieren energía, algunos liberan energía Requiere: fusión, evaporación, sublimación Liberación: condensación, deposición Un cambio en la energía a menudo significa un cambio en la temperatura

Melting: Solid → Liquid Melting point: temperature at which a substance melts Evaporation: Liquid → Gas Boiling point: temperature at which a liquid evaporates Sublimation: Solid → Gas Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) and ice cubes both do this When humans sweat (a liquid), heat from the body or surroundings causes evaporation, the molecules take their heat energy with them, which creates a cooling effect on the body! Cuando los humanos sudan (un líquido), el calor del cuerpo o los alrededores provoca la evaporación, las moléculas toman su energía de calor con ellos, lo que crea un efecto de enfriamiento en el cuerpo. Fusión: sólido → Líquido Punto de fusión: temperatura a la que se derrite una sustancia Evaporación: Líquido → Gas Punto de ebullición: temperatura a la que se evapora un líquido Sublimación: Sólido → Gas El dióxido de carbono sólido (hielo seco) y los cubitos de hielo hacen esto

Condensation: Gas → Liquid Condensation point: temperature at which gas condenses Freezing: Liquid → Solid Freezing point: Temperature at which a liquid freezes Fog is caused by condensation, the water gas particles clump, energy is released from the particles, and their movement slows down La niebla es causada por la condensación, las partículas de gas de agua se agrupan, la energía se libera de las partículas y su movimiento se ralentiza Condensación: Gas → Líquido Punto de condensación: temperatura a la que se condensa el gas Congelación: Líquido → Sólido Punto de congelación: temperatura a la que se congela el líquido

Average Kinetic Energy Water molecules at 0°C have lower average kinetic energy than the molecules at 100°C.

Phase changes can be shown in a graph Los cambios de fase se pueden mostrar en un gráfico

During a change of state, temperature is constant The temperature won’t begin to change until the phase change is completed All of the solid has melted, all of the liquid has evaporated, etc. Durante un cambio de estado, la temperatura es constante. La temperatura no comenzará a cambiar hasta que se complete el cambio de fase. Todo el sólido se ha derretido, todo el líquido se ha evaporado, etc

Heating Curve of a Liquid This type of graph is called a heating curve because it shows the temperature change of water as thermal energy, or heat, is added. Notice the two areas on the graph where the temperature does not change. At 0°C, ice is melting.

Heating Curve of a Liquid The temperature remains constant during melting. After the attractive forces are overcome, particles move more freely and their average kinetic energy, or temperature, increases.

At 100°C, water is boiling or vaporizing and the temperature remains constant again.