2 Plans a Compromise and a Fraction Virginia Plan favorecido grandes Estados llamado por representación basada en población Nueva Jersey Plan favorecido Estados más pequeños llamados para una representación equitativa.

2 Plans a Compromise and a Fraction El Plan de Virginia - Edmund Randolph y James Madison, 3 ramas con cheques y balances 2 casas o legislatura bicameral-uno con miembros elegidos por el pueblo por 3 años término - legislaturas por periodos de 7 años. * Número de escaños basado en población http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=7

2 Plans a Compromise and a Fraction El Plan de Nueva Jersey William Paterson-legislación Unicameral compuesto por un único legislativo del Congreso del cuerpo en que - cada estado tendría un número igual de representantes. http://constitution.laws.com/new-jersey-plan

2 Plans a Compromise and a Fraction El gran compromiso Bicameral legislatura * cámara de representantes (también conocido como Congreso)-cada Estado se asigna un número de escaños en proporción a su población. -términos 2 años * Senado-todos los Estados tienen un número igual de asientos (2). -Plazo de 6 años de oficina

2 Plans a Compromise and a Fraction ¿Qué debemos hacer acerca de la esclavitud? ¿Deben ser contados en la población? 3/5 compromiso - esclavos cuentan como 3/5 de una persona en la determinación de población para... Colegio de Electoral de representantes de casa y para efectos del impuesto sobre STOP AT 2:30

Salida entrada - lugar en la carpeta correspondiente Salida entrada - lugar en la carpeta correspondiente! ¿Que dos tenían una legislatura bicameral? ¿Cuál de las siguientes llamadas sólo para igual representación en el Congreso? ¿Que compromiso abordó la cuestión de la esclavitud? ¿Qué compromiso tratado con representación en la legislatura? Plan de Virginia New Jersey Plan gran compromiso 3/5

U.S. Constitution Clave datos de Ley Suprema de la tierra, firmado el 17/09/1787 separación de poderes-1-3 enmienda proceso doctrina del federalismo 1789 4-6-carta de derechos fue agregado (enmiendas 1-10) modificado 18 veces en conjunto

Objetivos de la Constitución (también conocido como el preámbulo) Con el fin de formar una Unión más perfecta, establecer justicia asegurar doméstica tranquilidad prever la defensa común promover el bienestar general garantizar las bendiciones de la libertad

Constitutional Principles Imperio de la ley representante gobierno cheques y Balances / separación de poderes individuales derechos de libertad de religión federalismo Control civil sobre los militares

Constitutional Principles 1 Constitutional Principles 1. estado de derecho: ambos el pueblo y el gobierno debe obedecer todas las leyes. 2. separación de poderes: las ramas ejecutivas, legislativas y judiciales del gobierno deben ser instituciones separadas por lo que no hay una rama tiene todo el poder.

Constitutional Principles 3 Constitutional Principles 3. representante gobierno: La gente tiene el derecho a elegir a otros para que los represente en el gobierno. 4. controles y contrapesos: los poderes de las tres ramas de gobierno, ejecutivo, legislativo y judicial, deben ser equilibrados. Una rama se debe dominar. Cada rama debe tener poderes para controlar las acciones de las otras ramas.

Constitutional Principles 5 Constitutional Principles 5. los derechos: Cada individuo tiene el derecho fundamental a la vida, libertad, libertad económica y la búsqueda de la felicidad. Estos derechos se describen en la carta de derechos y el gobierno debe proteger estos derechos y no deshacer las restricciones sobre ellos. 6. la libertad de religión: el derecho a practicar cualquier o ninguna religión sin persecución por el gobierno. 7. federalismo: Los Estados y el gobierno federal compartan el poder como se indica en la Constitución.

American Government and Politics Today Chapter 3 Federalism

3 sistemas de gobierno Unitarios sistema Confederal (federalismo) Federal del sistema You Should Draw This

A Unitary System Gobierno central da poder a los gobiernos subnacionales (condados, provincias, etc.). Los gobiernos locales suelen tienen sólo aquellos poderes otorgados por el gobierno central, especialmente importante es el papel del gobierno central del proveedor de fondos.

A Unitary System G estado / ciudades de providencias Gobierno central da poder a los gobiernos subnacionales (condados, provincias, etc.). G estado / ciudades de providencias

A Confederal System Energía es conservada por los gobiernos locales o regionales. Ejemplo: La UE (Unión Europea). Cada país tiene el máximo poder dentro del sistema aunque no hay una política común. France Britain Israel Japan

G A Confederal System de providencias Energía es conservada por los gobiernos locales o regionales. Ejemplo: La UE (Unión Europea). Cada país tiene el máximo poder dentro del sistema aunque no hay una política común. Ex. France Britain Germany G de providencias

A Federal System Divisiones energía entre el nacional y más bajas nivel de los gobiernos. Cada gobierno tiene poderes distintos que no se pueden reemplazar los otros gobiernos. Ejemplos: Australia, Brasil, Canadá, Alemania, India, México y Estados Unidos.

G A Federal System de providencias Divisiones energía entre el nacional y más bajas nivel de los gobiernos. Cada gobierno tiene poderes distintos que no se pueden reemplazar los otros gobiernos. Ejemplos: Australia, Brasil, Canadá, Alemania, India, México y Estados Unidos. G de providencias

Why Federalism? Los autores de la Constitución ha querido combinar un gobierno central suficientemente fuerte como para mantener el orden con Estados fuertes. Tamaño geográfico de un país. Los gobiernos estatales han servido como argumentos del entrenamiento para los políticos nacionales y laboratorios en que se pueden probar nuevas ideas. Federalismo permite muchas subculturas políticas.

Objections to the Federal System Estado y los intereses locales pueden bloquear los planes nacionales de grupos más pequeños probablemente a ser dominado por un solo grupo político las desigualdades en todos los Estados estándares de diferente estado

Figura 3.1 el flujo de energía en tres sistemas de gobierno

Types of Power with Federalism Expresa poderes Federal gobernador sólo concurrente poderes federales y estatales compartidos poderes reservados estado gobernador sólo

4 Types of Powers of the National Government Expresa potencias el necesario y adecuado (cláusula elástica). Poderes inherentes facultades IMPLÍCITAS

4 Types of Powers of the National Government Expresan poderes - poder otorgado al gobierno federal directamente de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos. 2. incluyendo el necesario y adecuado (cláusula elástica). Constitución Gobierno Federal

4 Types of Powers of the National Government 3. poderes de implícita — que el gobierno nacional a tomar decisiones que caen fuera de los poderes expresados. 4. inherentes poderes — reconocido por todas las naciones soberanas

Powers of State Governments La enmienda 10, todos los poderes que no delegaron al gobierno nacional por defecto a los Estados. En teoría los Estados conservan todos los poderes no delegados al gobierno nacional, pero en realidad el gobierno nacional ha ampliado el alcance de la acción gubernamental a gran escala. Poder de policía, la autoridad a legislar para la protección de la salud, la moral, seguridad y bienestar de las personas. En los Estados Unidos, más poder de policía está reservada a los Estados.

Concurrent and Prohibited Powers Poderes concurrentes. Compartida por los gobiernos nacionales y estatales. Ejemplos: energía de impuestos, el hacer y hacer cumplir las leyes y establecer tribunales y hasta cierto punto, el poder de policía. Poderes prohibidos. Aplicar a los gobiernos nacionales y estatales. El gobierno nacional se prohíbe gravar las exportaciones. Los gobiernos estatales están prohibidos de llevar a cabo la política exterior y de acuñar el dinero.

Supremacy Clause Artículo VI de la Constitución ordena que las acciones del gobierno nacional son supremos. Cualquier conflicto entre una acción legítima del gobierno nacional y el estado se resolverá a favor del gobierno nacional.

Vertical Checks and Balances Federalismo puede verse como una manera adicional de prevención gobierno de crecimiento demasiado fuertes, más allá de la división del gobierno nacional en el legislativo, ejecutivo y judiciales ramas.

Representing States’ Interests Congreso (particularmente el Senado) la Presidencia Colegio Electoral imposible de cambiar la Constitución sin los Estados consentimiento nacionales programas administrados por los Estados.

Interstate Relations Artículo IV de la Constitución trata de resolver problemas entre Estados, destacando las siguientes: cláusula completa de fe y crédito, los Estados deben cumplir acciones de otros Estados. Privilegios e inmunidades extradición interestatal interestatal compacta

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BONUS MATERIAL

Selected Test Questions In the early years, most of the disputes over the boundaries of national versus state power involved: The questions before the Supreme Court in McCulloch v Maryland were: In the Case of McCullouch, the Supreme court held that:

Selected Test Questions The section of the Constitution in which Congress is given authority to regulate trade among the states and with foreign countries is called the: In Gibbons v Ogden, the court held that; In the case of Gibbons v Ogden, commerce is defined as:

Selected Test Questions The controversy that led to the Civil War took the form of a dispute over state’s right, but the actual subject matter of the dispute was The concept of nullification, as advanced by South Carolina in the Jacksonian era was an attempt to: An order issued by a court to compel or restrain the performance of an act is called: The first national income tax was passed to:

Selected Test Questions Both the increased spending by the national government and the nationally imposed income tax: According to some scholars, the North’s victory in the Civil War set the nation on the path to: What did the Civil War amendments do?

Defining Constitutional Powers McCulloch v. Maryland (1819). Affirmed that the power of Congress is not strictly limited to the expressed powers. Marshall held Congress has implied powers to carry out the expressed powers. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824). This case set the precedent for the national government to regulate a wide range of economic activities.

Discussion Questions What were the facts in the case of McCullogh v Maryland?

McCullogh v Maryland 1819 Government of Maryland imposed a tax on the Second Bank of the US McCulloch refused to pay Maryland takes McCullogh to court and wins McCullogh, acting for the US, appeals to the Supreme Court

Discussion Question What were the issues in McCullogh v Maryland?

McCullogh Issues Did the national government have the power to create a bank? “necessary and proper clause” Could a state conflict with the national government? “supremacy clause”

Discussion Questions What were the outcomes of McCullogh?

Outcomes of McCullogh Establishing a national bank aided the national government, therefore it had the authority under the “necessary and proper clause” No state can use its taxing power to tax the national government The Constitution is the Supreme Law of the land “The power to tax is the power to destroy”

Discussion Questions What were the implications of McCulloch?

McCullogh Implications Growth of national government Meet problems unforseen by Founders

Discussion Questions What were the facts in the case of Gibbons v Ogden?

Gibbons v Ogden Facts 1824 Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston had a monopoly on steamboats in New York waters Aaron Ogden had a license to operate steam ferryboats between New York and New Jersey Thomas Gibbons had a US license to operate boats, but not a New York one Gibbons competed with Ogden New York prohibited Gibbons from operating in New York waters Gibbons appealed to Supreme Court

Discussion Questions What were the issues in Gibbons v Ogden?

Gibbons Issues How should commerce be defined? Did the commerce clause extend to trade within a state, or simply between them? Was the regulation of interstate commerce a concurrent or exclusive national power?

Discussion Questions What were the outcomes of Gibbons?

Gibbons Outcome Marshall defined commerce as all business dealings, including the transport of people Government can regulate intra-state commerce, as long as it is not solely intra-state Because Gibbons was authorized to navigate in interstate waters by the national government, he could not be prohibited from doing so by a state

Discussion Questions What were the implications of Gibbons?

Gibbons Implications Allowed national government to extend control to economic affairs Became primary basis for national regulation of commerce, etc.

Discussion Questions National supremacy has waxed and waned. Under which President did it lose power? What event cause the national government to regain supremacy?

States’ Rights and the Civil War The Jacksonian Era and the shift back to States’ Rights The Civil War and the return to national government supremacy Post Civil War amendments represented a serious enhancement of national power. The national government now abolished slavery, defined who was an American citizen, and attempted (with limited success) to provide rights to the freed slaves that included the right to vote.

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Selected Test Questions What did the doctrine of dual federalism represent? What was the role of the Supreme Court in the Civil War era? What was the role of the court in the late 1800s and early 1900s with regard to federalism? Why did dual federalism cease to be popularly acceptable after the start of the Depression?

Selected Test Questions When did the Supreme Court cease to interfere with national legislation on the economy? What are categorical grants? What are formula grants? What are the reasons for the increase of federal grants to states?

Selected Test Questions To what does the concept of federal mandates refer to? What is a federal grant that funds a general functional area with fewer restrictions on the state?

Homework Read The Politics of Federalism; Federalism and The Supreme Court Today; Why Federalism is Important Today

On organic farms, they till it like it is. Thought of the Day On organic farms, they till it like it is.

Discussion Question What is Dual Federalism?

Dual Federalism Emphasized dividing the state and national spheres of power into entirely separate jurisdictions. Part of the Supreme Court’s attempt to regain its powers after the Civil War.

Discussion Questions What court case resulted in the reduced influence of the Supreme Court?

Dred Scott 1857 Chief Justice Roger Taney Dred Scott was a slave who had lived in the free state of Illinois and the free territory of Wisconsin before moving back to the slave state of Missouri had appealed to the Supreme Court in hopes of being granted his freedom. Taney: "it is too clear for dispute, that the enslaved African race were not intended to be included, and formed no part of the people who framed and adopted this declaration. . . ." Supreme Court ended up on the losing side of the Civil War

Discussion Questions How did The New Deal change federalism?

The New Deal and Cooperative Federalism New Deal legislation vs. Dual Federalism Cooperative federalism emphasized an expanded role for the national government, and cooperation between the national government and the states. Roosevelt’s programs typically were funded by the federal government, but administered by states and local governments, thus creating a cooperative framework for federalist relations.

The Courts and The New Deal Many of Roosevelt’s programs were overturned by the Supreme Court National Recovery Administration Agricultural Adjustment Act Retirement programs Farm mortgage protection Roosevelt attempts to “pack” the Court

Picket Fence Federalism Model of federalism in which specific programs and policies (vertical pickets), involve all levels of government (horizontal pickets)

Discussion Questions What are the different types of Cooperative Federalism Programs

Implementing Cooperative Federalism Categorical Grants Specific programs “Strings-Attached” Federal Grants All funds come with requirements Block Grants Funds for general functional areas Federal Mandates Require states to take action on certain items

DONE

Selected Test Questions National authority has traditionally been preferred by (liberals, conservatives, libertarians, those who are culturally conservative or economically liberal, southerners) State governments may favor the status quo because: In today’s political debates, “federalism” has come to mean:

Selected Test Questions In today’s political debates, “Federalism” has come to mean: Federalism, in the current sense was advocated by which president What kind of rulings has the Supreme Court made in recent years with regard to federalism

Figure 3-2 The Shift Toward Central Government Spending

Discussion Questions Which political philosophy has been associated with states’ rights? Why? Which political philosophy has been associated with national authority? Why?

States Rights v National Authority Conservatives States Rights Belief that government intervention in the economy is unwise Liberals National authority See government intervention as an instrument of social change

Discussion Questions What have been some of the accomplishments of national authority?

The Politics of Federalism Economic relief Great Depression Civil rights War on Poverty Really a success? Since 1964, the US has spent $700 billion on poverty, and the poverty rate in 2005 is the same as it was in 1964

Discussion Questions Which president championed a return to state’s rights?

Federalism as a Partisan Issue “New Federalism.” Beginning with President Richard Nixon (1969–1974) the Republican Party championed devolution, or the transfer of powers from the national government to the states. They called this policy federalism, a new use of the term.

Discussion Questions Why have liberals come back to the idea of States Rights? In what ways have Republicans gone back to Federal Control?

Liberals Support States Rights Under current conditions liberals may have pragmatic reasons to support states’ rights in some instances, such as in gay rights issues. Clinton replaced categorical welfare programs with block grants Bush has pushed No Child Left Behind and increased federal spending

Discussion Questions What are some of the issues the Supreme Court has faced regarding federalism in recent years?

Federalism and the Supreme Court Reigning in the Commerce Power US v Lopez – gun free school zones US v Morrison – federal sex crimes law State Sovereignty and the Eleventh Amendment Have ruled that can’t sue states to force compliance with federal law Tenth Amendment Issues Reduced ability of Federal government to force states to act.