Notas sobre trampa Ingreso medio
La política es clave Of 101 middle-income economies in 1960, only 13 had graduated to high income (HI) by 2008 (World Bank 2012: 12). Most studies of the MI trap recognize the need for some minimal political requisites for enacting necessary policies (e.g., Foxley and Sossdoff 2011, Devlin and Morguillansky 2011). These include: political will ,long time horizons on the part of political leaders broad societal consensus business-government collaboration and some degree of inclusive politics (Flechtner and Panther 2015).
Institucionalidad mas demandante
longer periods in MI status allow large firms and elite social groups to consolidate their positions in the economy and the polity (Morck et al. 2005). The domestic firms -- mostly huge conglomerated family owned business groups -- that grew large in the late 20th century mostly in commodities, regulated sectors, natural oligopolies, and occasionally low tech manufacturing, were very large and powerful coming into the 21st century. In contrast to business groups in countries that escaped the MI trap, these concentrated business groups have had little to gain from pushing for policies that would help their economies break out of the trap.
El peso de la desigualdad Los Países de ingreso medio tienen mayores niveles de desigualdad que los que tenían al mismo ingreso los actualmente desarrollados. La desigualdad favorece clientelismo y populismo, generando un circulo vicioso que conduce a la imposibilidad de mejorar las políticas públicas y las capacidades del estado y a establecer acuerdos con objetivos de LP.