BIENES PÚBLICOS y MALES PÚBLICOS: Retos y desafíos ante el Cambio Climático Pascal O. Girot

SECCION I MARCO CONCEPTUAL BIENES Y MALES PÚBLICOS: CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO Y LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DEL RIESGO

Los Bienes Públicos PURO IMPURO No Rival- El uso por parte de uno no le sustrae al otro No Exclusivo- Un bien del cual es difícil excluir y ejercer derechos de propiedad IMPURO Es la Tragedia de los Comunes- “se socializan las pérdidas” Parcialmente exclusivo- Reglas “flexibles” Libre acceso – Free riding

MALES PÚBLICOS 1.Exposición a agentes y ambientes peligrosos 2. Debilidad: predisposición de personas, edificios, comunidades o actividades a ser dañados 3.Falta de Protección contra agentes peligrosos, y para personas y estructuras débiles. 4. Desventaja: Falta de recursos y atributos para modificar situaciones de riesgo o responder al peligro. 5.Falta de Resiliencia: Capacidad limitada o nula para evitar, suportar o mitigar y recuperar de un desastre. 6. Impotencia: incapacidad para influir en condiciones de seguridad o de adquirir los medios de protección o ayuda.

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La Economía Política de los Desastres Las Causas Estructurales de la Vulnerabilidad- Las múltiples vulnerabilidades de Wilches Chaux La economía política de la construcción del riesgo- (Hewitt)- El riesgo como negocio- es más fácil reconstruir que desarrollar Privatización de las ganancias, La socialización de las pérdidas

La Ecología Política de los Desastres Causas y Efectos de la Degradación Ambiental Responsabilidades Compartidas pero Diferenciadas – Caso Cambio Climático Dinámicas territoriales y control/acceso a bienes públicos Degradación Ambiental es un mal público La gestión ambiental del riesgo como utilidad pública

LECCIONES DESDE LA GESTIÓN DEL RIESGO DE DESASTRES

El Riesgo Intensivo de Desastre está concentrado en unos pocos países… The report has identified two different but inter-related patterns and trends in disaster risk. Firstly, many attributes of risk, such as mortality and direct economic loss, are intensively concentrated in a very small portion of the earth’s surface and manifest infrequently in a very small-number of mega disasters. For example, between 1975 and 2008, 78.2% of disaster mortality was concentrated in only 23 events. This intensive concentration of risk can be visualised in both absolute and relative terms. Large countries, such as China India, Bangladesh and Indonesia have the most population at risk. But, small island developing states (SIDS), such as Dominica and Vanuatu, and other smaller countries have the largest proportion of their population and economies at risk. Overall, the most high risk countries are those such as Myanmar and Bangladesh that have high absolute and relative risk 10

Menores mortandad, Mayores pérdidas económicas

Exposición a Inundaciones Fuente: EIRD, GAR 2011

Y está distribuido en forma desigual... 22.5 millón expuestos cada ano GDP cap. US$31,267 HDI =0.953 Mortalidad = 1 16 millón expuestos cada ano GDP cap. US$5,137 HDI = 0.771 Mortalidad = 17 These concentrations of risk, however, are not evenly spread. Developing countries concentrate a hugely disproportionate share of the risk. The map shows cyclone mortality risk in Japan and Philippines. In Japan, approximately 22.5 million people are exposed annually, compared to 16 million people in the Philippines. However, the estimated annual death toll from cyclones in the Philippines is almost 17 times greater than that of Japan. Tropical cyclone mortality risk in low-income countries is approximately 200 times higher than in OECD countries, for similar numbers exposed. While absolute economic loss is concentrated in developed countries, poorer countries experience higher losses in relation to the size of their economies. In the case of floods, for example, South Asia experiences approximately 15 times more economic losses with respect to the size of its GDP, than the OECD countries. 13

Y se relaciona con deficiencias en la gobernanza urbana y local…. The report has identified three drivers that underlie these risk patterns. The first is deficient urban and local governance. Disaster risk is increasingly urban. By 2010 it is projected that 73% of the world’s urban population and most of its largest cities will be in developing countries. Many city governments have not been able to provide safe land for housing, adequate infrastructure and services for their poorer citizens and a planning and regulatory framework to manage the associated risks. As a result, urban growth in developing countries has been largely absorbed through the expansion of informal settlements. Approximately one billion people worldwide live in these settlements and numbers are growing by approximately 25 million per year. The expansion of informal settlements is closely associated with rapidly increasing weather-related losses in urban areas. Urbanisation generates flood hazard due to increasing peak run-off during storms, the settlement of low-lying areas and a chronic underinvestment in drainage. This map shows flood loss reports in the city of Cali, Colombia since the 1950s. The centrifugal expansion of reported floods has mirrored the expansion of informal settlements in the city. 14

Vulnerabilidad de Infraestructura pública en Centroamérica