Loísmo, Laísmo, and Leísmo In much of the Spanish-speaking world, the pronouns lo, la, los, and las have maintained their use solely as direct objects,

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Loísmo, Laísmo, and Leísmo In much of the Spanish-speaking world, the pronouns lo, la, los, and las have maintained their use solely as direct objects, and the pronouns le and les as indirect objects. However, in some regions there are variations to the standard, known as loísmo, laísmo, and leísmo. The following information will help you better understand the standard use of direct and indirect object pronouns.

Direct Objects The direct object answers the questions what? or whom? the verb is acted upon. To find the direct object in a sentence, first find the verb, and then ask what? or whom? The professor returns the essays to the students.  Verb: returns Returns what? Direct object: the essays The mother hands the baby to the father.  Verb: hands Hands whom? Direct object: the baby

Direct Object Pronouns These are the standard direct object pronouns in Spanish: menos teos lo/la los/las In both Spanish and English, direct objects pronouns can replace direct objects to avoid repetition when the context is clear. The professor returns the essays to the students. The students put them (the essays) in their backpacks. El profesor devuelve los ensayos a los estudiantes. Los estudiantes los ponen en sus mochilas. The mother hands the baby to the father. He puts him (the baby) in the crib. La madre le entrega al bebé al padre. Él lo pone en la cuna.

Indirect Objects The indirect object answers the questions to whom? or for whom? the action is done. To find the indirect object in a sentence, first find the verb, and then ask to whom? or for whom? The professor returns the essays to the students.  Verb: returns Returns to whom? Indirect object: the students The mother hands the baby to the father.  Verb: hands Hands to whom? Indirect object: the father

Indirect Object Pronouns These are the standard indirect object pronouns in Spanish: menos teos le les In both Spanish and English, indirect objects pronouns can replace indirect objects. In Spanish, however, the indirect object pronoun is used whether the indirect object is expressed or not. The professor returns the essays to the students. Then he gives them (the students) their homework. El profesor les devuelve los ensayos a los estudiantes. Luego, les da la tarea. The mother hands the baby to the father. She also gives him (the father) the baby’s blanket. La madre le entrega al bebé al padre. También le da la cobija del bebé.

Verbs that Commonly Take an Indirect Object The following verbs commonly take an indirect object: contarhablarpreguntar darmandarprometer decirmostrarrecomendar entregarofrecerregalar escribirotorgarservir explicarpedir

A Comparison of Third Person Object Pronouns Direct ObjectsIndirect Objects Singular lo la le Plural los las les Simply stated, loísmo, laísmo, and leísmo are linguistic variations that occur when under certain circumstances a particular third person object pronoun, be it direct or indirect, is preferred over the standard. Before we go further, take a look at the third person pronouns in question.

Le and Les The indirect object pronouns le and les can be ambiguous because they do not contain information about gender. Le doy un regalo. =I give him a gift. I give her a gift. I give you (formal) a gift. To clarify this ambiguity, it is necessary to use a prepositional phrase. Le doy un regalo. = Le doy un regalo a él Le doy un regalo a ella Le doy un regalo a Ud.

Loísmo and Laísmo In certain regions, to avoid the ambiguity of le and les, there is a tendency instead to use the direct object pronoun in place of the indirect object pronoun. This yields loísmo and laísmo. A male indirect object pronoun is replaced with lo (singular) or los (plural).  Loísmo Le dimos unos discos a Pedro. (standard) Lo dimos unos discos a Pedro. (loísmo) A female indirect object pronoun is replaced with la (singular) or las (plural).  Laísmo Llama a Ileana y dile que venga al cine con nosotras. (standard) Llama a Ileana y dila que venga al cine con nosotras. (laísmo)

Leísmo Leísmo is the use of indirect object pronouns le and les instead of the direct object pronouns lo and los. Llámalo (a Daniel) y dile que traiga lo que le pedimos. (standard) Llámale (a Daniel) y dile que traiga lo que le pedimos. (leísmo) Este artículo lo he leído ya. (standard) Este artículo le he leído ya. (leísmo)

Práctica A Indicate if, according to the standard, a direct or indirect object pronoun was used. 1. No los invites a la fiesta. 2. Dile a tu madre que llegaremos tarde. 3. ─ ¿Es tu prima? ─ No, no la conozco. 4. ─ ¿Traes el paquete? ─ Sí, lo voy a enviar hoy. 5. ¿Sus padres le permiten salir aun durante la semana? 6. Les ruego que sean amables y generosos con los afectados por las inundaciones. 7. Mario no tiene coche. Por eso siempre lo llevo al supermercado los fines de semana. 8. ¿Va a regalarle su novio el libro de Vargas Llosa?

ANSWERS Práctica A 1. direct 2. indirect 3. direct 4. direct 5. indirect 6. indirect 7. direct 8. indirect

Práctica B Complete each sentence with the correct third person indirect or direct object pronoun, based on standard usage. 1. Para su cumpleaños, ___ voy a regalar un iPad a mi hijo. 2. ─ ¿Viene Sofía a la fiesta mañana? ─ No sé, pero ___ invité hace una semana. 3. Necesito comprar los pasteles de chocolate, pero no ___ encuentro frescos. 4. La maestra ___ preparó a todos los estudiantes una guía de estudio. 5. ─ ¿Dónde están tus hermanas? ─ ___ llamé dos veces, pero no contestan. 6. Cuando mi abuelo estaba en el hospital, mi madre y yo ___ visitábamos todos los días. 7. ─ Le pediste permiso a tu madre antes de usar el carro? ─ No, no ___ pedí permiso. 8. ─ ¿Tienes que ver esa película para el proyecto final? ─ Sí, ___ tengo que ver para mañana. 9. El mesero ___ sirvió el café al cliente. 10. Ella ___ prefiere explicar la situación al consejero.

ANSWERS Práctica B 1. le 2. la 3. los 4. les 5. Las 6. lo 7. le 8. la 9. le 10. le