Definiciones Meteoroides: Cualquier objeto de pequeño tamaño que se mueve en el espacio (fragmentos de asteroides o cometas) Meteoro: Meteoroides que ingresan.

Slides:



Advertisements
Presentaciones similares
-go Verbs There is a small but very important group of verbs that we call the -go verbs. These verbs are: Conocer : to know (people) Hacer: to make/do.
Advertisements

The Universe/ El Universo. There are nine planets in our solar system. The nine planets are around the sun, and they travel in orbits. Tenemos nueve planetas.
-go Verbs There is a small but very important group of verbs that we call the -go verbs. These verbs are: Hacer: to make/do Poner: to put Salir: to leave.
¿Es un OVNI. ¿Es un misil. No, es un …… meteorito
Definiciones Meteoroides: Cualquier objeto de pequeño tamaño que se mueve en el espacio (fragmentos de asteroides o cometas) Meteoro: Meteoroides que ingresan.
Articles, nouns and contractions oh my!. The POWER of the article THE 1. There are four ways to express THE in Spanish 2. The four ways are: El La Los.
Igneous rock Las Roca Igneas. Igneous Rock Deep within Earth, temperatures are hot enough—750°C to 1250°C (about 1400°F to 2300°F)—to melt rock. This.
Constructions with “se”. Impersonal Constructions with “se” You can use the pronoun “se” to avoid specifying the person who is doing the action. Using.
Las Planetas Amber Bailey Spanish Enrichment 2011.
-go Verbs There is a small but very important group of verbs that we call the “-go” verbs. These verbs are: Hacer: to make/do Poner: to put Salir: to.
Health Products Beauty Products Diet/Weight loss Financial Freedom.
5 th Grade 2 nd Six Weeks Science Unit 3, Lesson 1 CScope Vocabulary Words
Sedimentary Rock Piedra Sedimentaria. Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary rocks develop from layers of sediments that build up on land or underwater. Las piedras.
4 th Grade Science-1st Six Weeks Unit 1, Lesson 1 CScope Vocabulary Words
 Cap. 6B La Cultura. La arpillera – is a popular textile folk art of rough patchwork appliqués created by women in Chile. La arpillera is done in brilliant.
HACER AHORA: Completan la página 63 en el libro de trabajo.
S CIENCE /C IENCIAS Vocabulary!! Vocabulario. S UN The star around which the earth orbits La estrella alrededor de la cual la tierra gira alrededor The.
Time Expression with Hacer Grammar Essential #106.
MORE CONVERSATION TOOLS
NEBULOUS/NEBULOSA/ DESDIBUJADA Marcela T. Garcés Assistant Professor of Spanish Published in : Label Me Latina/o Spring 2012 Volume II.
25 Chapter 25 Beyond Our Solar System. The Milky Way Galaxy 25.3 The Universe  A galaxy is a group of stars, dust, and gases held together by gravity.
What has to be done today? It can be done in any order. Make a new ALC form Do the ALC Get two popsicle sticks Get 16 feet of yarn. That is 4 arms width.
UNIT 1: THE UNIVERSE.
Preterite vs. Imperfect Chapter 2. Esp 33/9/13 Hoy es el tres de septiembre. Objective: – Students will be able to distinguish between when to use the.
Made up Swallowing Nonsense Take very long Belief Orbit As well as Landmark Afraid Risky Statistics Chance However Crash Claimed Strength Source of.
El uso del artículo como sustantivo
The organization of the human body
First Grade – High Frequency Word Reading Competition Classroom Competition Created by: Malene Golding School Improvement Officer: Kimberly Fonteno.
FÍSICA DE SEMICONDUCTORES MOBILIDAD Y CONDUCTIVIDAD EN SEMICONDUCTORES
Alejandro Correa Benítez y Pablo Lonnie Pacheco Railey MARTE…¿Más cerca que nunca?
Definition
¡MerCon 2014! La convención de los mejores mercados.
THERE ARE 4 STATES OF MATTER 1. SOLIDS-THE MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES IN SOLIDS IS VERY SLOW. IN FACT, WE CAN’T SEE THEM MOVE…YET, THEY DO. SOLIDS HAVE A DEFINITE.
Parental Involvement Cluster Meetings Roman Gomez Secondary Science Specialist
“To Be” or not “To Be” Ser vs. Estar. Why does it matter? Because both ser and estar mean “to be”, we have to distinguish between the two. Therefore,
1. Name at least 3 forces acting on the lunar landers as they were falling. 2. Which force was the strongest?
Formal Commands! Telling people what to do…… You speak, or you are speaking……Hablas, estás hablando This is different from telling (commanding) someone.
Vámonos Write how many of each object appears in each picture Example: dos lápices Hoy es el dieciocho de septiembre.
-go Verbs There is a small but very important group of verbs that we call the “-go” verbs. These verbs are: Hacer: to make/do ( not on worksheet so add.
Los verbos Tener y Venir. Antes de empezar… Some verbs are IRREGULAR, which means that they do not follow the “rules” or patterns that we have talked.
-go Verbs There is a small but very important group of verbs that we call the “-go” verbs. These verbs are: Conocer : to know (people) Hacer: to make/do.
Fisión nuclear Cuando ciertos elementos son golpeadas con neutrones, puede dividir el núcleo en fragmentos más pequeños. – Sólo se produce en uranio 235.
A powerpoint to explain Life Expectancy. Level: Secondary school. Subjects: History, geography & social studies. What you need: A computer, a screen and.
decir  (yo) digo tener  (yo) tengo venir  (yo) vengo
JUEVES, EL 10 DE SEPTIEMBRE LT: I WILL RECOGNIZE SOME NEW VOCABULARY WORDS. Go over tests & retake procedures Interpretive Assessment: numbers & alphabet.
Matter and changes in state Classification of Matter Physical and Chemical Properties More questions
Operations Charts Keep these operations charts posted by the wall you usually work out math word problems. Print them in color and paste them on the same.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley PowerPoint ® Lectures for University Physics, Twelfth Edition – Hugh D. Young.
To be, or not to be? Let’s start out with one of the most important verbs in Spanish: ser, which means “to be.”
Un juego de adivinanzas: ¿Dónde está el tesoro? A1B1C1D1E1F1 A4B4C4D4E4F4 A2B2C2D2E2F2 A5B5C5D5E5F5 A3B3C3D3E3F3 A6B6C6D6E6F6 Inténtalo de nuevo Inténtalo.
Time Expressions Using HACER Present, Preterite and Imperfect Spanish III.
Rocas Metamórficas.  The process in which an existing rock is changed by heat or pressure—or both— is called metamorphism.  El proceso en el cual una.
Galaxias y Más ¿Dónde estamos en el universo? Southwest middle está en los EE.UU. Los EE.UU. está en la Tierra La Tierra está en el Sistema Solar El.
English Language II (2). English Language I (2) Warm-up.
¡BIENVENIDOS! ALPHABET, COGNATES.. DO NOW Take five minutes to Silently and Independently fill out the calendar on your desk. Every Calendar should have:
Los Pronombres relativos Relative pronouns. Relative pronouns are words that:  Connect ideas within one sentence  Most frequently refer back to a noun.
LecturePLUS Timberlake1 The Atom Atomic Number and Mass Number Isotopes.
The gastronomy of Brazil includes a great variety of dishes and flavors, among which we can classify three major influences: The indigenous, the European.
Climate changes Climate is the usual weather of a place. Climate can be different for different seasons. A place might be mostly warm and dry in the summer.
Sources of Renewable Energy
EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE IN 2-D Today’s Objectives: Students will be able to : a) Draw a free body diagram (FBD), and, b) Apply equations of equilibrium.
Ciencias de la tierra II
To be, or not to be? Let’s start out with one of the most important verbs in Spanish: ser, which means “to be.”
First Grade Dual High Frequency Words
THE ATMOSPHERE.
Los números.
Quasimodo: Tienes que hacer parte D de la tarea..
Kindergarten Spanish High Frequency Words
MineralRatingTesting Method Talc1Softest known mineral. It flakes easily when scratched by a fingernail. Gypsum2A fingernail can easily scratch it. Calcite3A.
Astronomy has really big numbers. Distance between Earth and Sun meters kilometers This is the closest star.
Transcripción de la presentación:

Definiciones Meteoroides: Cualquier objeto de pequeño tamaño que se mueve en el espacio (fragmentos de asteroides o cometas) Meteoro: Meteoroides que ingresan a la atmósfera y debido al rozamiento con el gas atmósferico producen trazas luminosas. Meteorito: Fragmentos de meteoros que no se desintegran totalmente y que llegan a la superficie de la Tierra

Meteorites Distinguish between: Meteoroid = small body in space Distinguish between: Meteoroid = small body in space Meteor = meteoroid colliding with Earth and producing a visible light trace in the sky Meteorite = meteor that survives the plunge through the atmosphere to strike the ground... Sizes from microscopic dust to a few centimeters. About 2 meteorites large enough to produce visible impacts strike the Earth every day. Statistically, one meteorite is expected to strike a building somewhere on Earth every 16 months. Typically impact onto the atmosphere with 10 – 30 km/s (≈ 30 times faster than a rifle bullet).

Meteor Showers Most meteors appear in showers, peaking periodically at specific dates of the year.

Radiants of Meteor Showers Tracing the tracks of meteors in a shower backwards, they appear to come from a common origin, the radiant.  Common direction of motion through space.

Only a few sporadic meteors are not associated with comet orbits. Meteoroid Orbits Meteoroids contributing to a meteor shower are debris particles, orbiting in the path of a comet. Spread out all along the orbit of the comet. Comet may still exist or have been destroyed. Only a few sporadic meteors are not associated with comet orbits.

Las bolas de fuego o bólidos

Aún de día

Filmaciones Peekskill, EEUU Bólido

Los sonidos Dos sonidos: Boom sónico: minutos después del bólido Ruido electrofónico: simultáneo con el bólido Variaciones de la presión barométrica cuando el fenómeno de Tunguska

Cómputo de la trayectoria por solución de mínimos cuadrados de la intersección de planos

Un poco de álgebra Ni • PiY = 0 Una trayectoria rectilínea en el espacio la definimos por un versor (x) y un punto (Y, definido por el vector y). La trayectoria rectilínea debe cumplir las siguientes condiciones: La normal (Ni) a cada uno de los planos de la visual debe ser perpendicular a la trayectoria. Ni • x = 0 La normal (Ni) a cada uno de los planos de la visual debe ser perpendicular a una recta que une al observador (Pi) con un punto (Y) de la trayectoria. Ni • PiY = 0

Si C es el centro de coordenadas PiY = YC – PiC = y – pi siendo pi el vector posición del observador Por tanto Ni • y = Ni • pi = bi

N • x = 0 (sistema homogéneo) N • y = b (sistema heterogéneo) Si N =[ N1, N2, …., Nn] , y b = [ b1, b2, …., bn] n – número de observaciones Dos sistemas de ecuaciones N • x = 0 (sistema homogéneo) N • y = b (sistema heterogéneo)

Solución de sistemas de ecuaciones sobredeterminados Método SVD (Single Value Decomposition) N = U S VT (S – matriz diagonal) Solución x es el eigenvector (columna de V) que corresponde al mínimo eigenvalor de S Solución y dada por y = N+ b Donde N+ = V S-1 UT

Soluciones Se buscaron dos tipos de soluciones: Igual peso para todas las observaciones Peso proporcionar a la altura mayor observada (cuanto mas alto, mas cerca de la proyección de la trayectoria se encuentra el observador).

Ecuaciones de ablación

m < -18 (aparente) M ~ -18 (absoluta) Comparación con fuentes conocidas: por ej. lámpara de mercurio de 250 W (12700 Lúmenes) a una altura de 6m I = 12700 / (4 π 6002) = 2.8x10-3 Siendo m < -18 (aparente) Magnitud absoluta (M) – mag.aparente a 100km Para una m ~ -20 y a una distancia 40 km, M ~ -18 (absoluta)

Estimación de la masa inicial

Estimación de la masa final

Masa inicial vs altura final observada

La trayectoria oscura del meteorito Ecuaciones de la trayectoria oscura donde (vl,vh,vx) son las componentes de la velocidad del meteoroide (l - en la dirección horizontal en el plano de la trayectoria, h - en la dirección vertical, x - en la dirección perpendicular al plano) (Vl,0,Vx) son las componentes de la velocidad del viento. Γ – coeficiente de arrastre. Γ = Γ(M) M – numero de Mach. M = v / c c – velocidad del sonido en el aire c = c(T) T – Temperatura del aire ρ – densidad del aire S = s / m s – sección de corte del meteoroide s = 4 π R2 m – masa del meteoroide Ceplecha et al. (1998), Ceplecha (1987)

Perfil de temperatura y presión Muy baja velocidad del viento. Se desprecia

Trayectoria oscura en el plano Velocidades iniciales del trayecto oscuro: 1, 2 y 3 km/s masa final ---- 10 kg ---- 100 kg ---- 1000 kg

Solución geocéntrica vexo = v * (-Rad) vexo,c – velocidad exoatmosférica Rad – versor en dirección del radiante v – velocidad medida o asumida al ingreso a la atmósfera (v = 21 km/s) vrot – velocidad de rotación de la Tierra vg – velocidad exoatmosférica corregida, velocidad geocéntrica.

La órbita geocéntrica Con vg y un punto de la trayectoria rexo , determino la órbita hiperbólica geocéntrica v∞ - velocidad al infinito Radiante geocéntrico Igual peso Pesos  altura v∞ = 18 km/s αg = 184 ; δg = 8 v∞ = 18 km/s αg = 190 ; δg = 21

La órbita heliocéntrica La posición rhel y velocidad heliocéntrica vhel rhel = rexo + rT vhel = vg + vT rT y vT – posición heliocéntrica de la Tierra Con rhel y vhel determino los elementos orbitales.

Most meteorites are small and do not produce significant craters. Finding Meteorites Most meteorites are small and do not produce significant craters. Good place to find meteorites: Antarctica! Falls = meteorites which have been observed to fall (fall time known). Distinguish between: Finds = meteorites with unknown fall time.

Analysis of Meteorites 3 broad categories: Stony meteorites Iron meteorites Stony-Iron meteorites

Chondrites Stony Meteorites are characterized by chondrules--small spheres (average diameter of 1 mm) of formerly melted minerals that have come together with other mineral matter to form a solid rock. Chondrites are believed to be among the oldest rocks in the solar system. Click here to link to an article on the Nature and Origin of Chondrules. Click here to see a close-up picture of chondrules. 82 percent of meteorite falls are chondrites.

Achondrites Stony Meteorites without chondrules. Scientists believe that some of these meteorites originated on the surface of the Moon or Mars. 7.8 percent of meteorite falls are achondrites.

Irons Structural classification: These meteorites are made of a crystalline iron-nickel alloy. Scientists believe that they resemble the outer core of the Earth. 4.8 percent of meteorite falls are irons. Chemical Classification: The determining factors are groupings of meteorites with similar ratios of trace elements to nickel. Generally, the higher the Roman numeral of the classification, the lower the concentration of trace elements. The casual observer cannot see this as one can with the Widmanstatten bandwidth that is the determining factor for structural classification.

Stony Irons These meteorites are mixtures of iron-nickel alloy and non-metallic mineral matter. Scientists believe that they are like the material that would be found where the Earth's core meets the mantle. 1.2 percent of meteorite falls are stony irons.

Detalle de cada tipo Metorito metálico-rocoso Figuras de Widmanstatten en metálicos Cóndrulos en las condritas

Los grandes meteoritos de Campo del Cielo (Chaco argentino) 37 Toneladas

What Does a “Meteorite” Look Like? Selection bias: Iron meteorites are easy to recognize as meteorites (heavy, dense lumps of iron-nickel steel) – thus, more likely to be found and collected.

The Allende Meteorite Carbonaceous chondrite, fell in 1969 near Pueblito de Allende, Mexico Showered an area about 50 km x 10 km with over 4 tons of fragments. Fragments containing calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) Extremely temperature-resistant materials. Allende meteorite is a very old sample of solar-nebula material!

Meteorite "family tree"

The Origins of Meteorites Probably formed in the solar nebula, ~ 4.6 billion years ago. Almost certainly not from comets (in contrast to meteors in meteor showers!). Probably fragments of stony-iron planetesimals Some melted by heat produced by 26Al decay (half-life ~ 715,000 yr). 26Al possibly provided by a nearby supernova, just a few 100,000 years before formation of the solar system (triggering formation of our sun?)

The Origins of Meteorites (2) Planetesimals cool and differentiate Collisions eject material from different depths with different compositions and temperatures. Meteorites can not have been broken up from planetesimals very long ago  so remains of planetesimals should still exist.  Asteroids