© Boardworks Ltd 2003 Grammar 2 The present tense Ser / Estar Reflexive verbs Commands Negatives and negative phrases Verbs which take the infinitive Impersonal.

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1 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Grammar 2 The present tense Ser / Estar Reflexive verbs Commands Negatives and negative phrases Verbs which take the infinitive Impersonal verb expressions The present participle The present continuous Expressions using tener

2 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 The present tense 1 The present tense is used to talk about what is happening now or, in general terms, what happens every day. Examples: Juego al tenisI play tennis Estoy en 1º de BUP I am in Year 10 Tengo un hermanoI have got one brother Me cepillo los dientesI brush my teeth The first example can be translated not just as “I play tennis”, but also as “I am playing tennis” and “I do play tennis.” In English we have different forms of the present tense just as we do in Spanish!

3 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 1. Verbs whose infinitive ends in ar Take the -ar from the end of the infinitive Add the following endings: -o for I -as for you -a for he, she and it -amos for we -áis for you -an for they The present tense of regular verbs is formed in the following way: The present tense 2

4 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 hablar - to speak habl I speak, I am speaking o hablas You speak, you are speaking habl a amos áis an He / she speaks, he / she is speaking We speak, we are speaking You speak, you are speaking They speak, they are speaking The present tense 3

5 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 The following verbs are all regular verbs like HABLAR This means that you can write them or say them in the same way as you did with HABLAR. The only difference will appear in the beginning ( stem) of the verb. Here are some more common -ar verbs. Choose two and write them out in full, with the meaning in English. aceptar= to accept cantar = to singllorar = to cry amar = to love charlar= to chat mirar = to look at arreglar= to fix dibujar= to draw pagar = to pay ayudar = to help entrar = to go inpescar= to fish bajar= to go down ganar = to win saltar = to jump bailar = to dance lavar = to wash tocar = to touch buscar = to look for llenar = to fill viajar = to travel The present tense 4

6 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 2. Verbs whose infinitive ends in er Take the -er from the end of the infinitive Add the following endings: -o forI -es foryou -e for he, she and it -emos for we -éis for you -en for they The present tense 5

7 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 comer - to eat com I eat, I am eating o comes You eat, you are eating com e emos éis en He / she eats, he / she is eating We eat, we are eating You eat, you are eating They eat, they are eating The present tense 6

8 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 3. Verbs whose infinitive ends in ir Take the -ir from the end of the infinitive Add the following endings: -o for I -es for you -e for he,she, and it -imos for we -ís for you -en for they The present tense 7

9 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 abrir - to open abr I open, I am opening o abres You open, you are opening abr e imos ís en He / she opens, he / she is opening We open, we are opening You open, you are opening They open, they are opening The present tense 8

10 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 The following verbs are all regular verbs like COMER or ABRIR. This means that you can write them or say them in the same way as you did with COMER or ABRIR. The only difference will appear in the beginning ( stem) of the verb. Choose one -er verb and one -ir verb and write each out in full with the meaning in English! Like COMER beber = to drink leer= to read correr = to runmeter = to put coser = to sew vender= to sell deber = to owe ver = to see Like ABRIR cubrir = to cover escribir= to write permitir= to allow recibir= to receive The present tense 9

11 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Practise putting the correct endings on the following verbs: 1(escuchar)yo escuch___ 2(hablar)tu habl___ 3(beber) ella beb___ 4(vivir)él viv___ 5(charlar)nosotros charl___ 6(comer) vosotros com___ 7(vender)ellas vend___ 8(llevar)ellos llev___ 9(escribir)yo escrib___ 10(correr) tú corr___ 11(pasar) él pas___ 12(meter) ella met___ 13(dibujar)nosotras dibuj___ 14(subir)vosotras sub___ 15(llamar) ellos llam___ o as e amos éis en an o es a amos an e e ís Subject words yo = I tú = you él = he ella = she nosotros/as = we vosotros/as = you ellos = they ellas = they The present tense 10

12 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Spelling change verbs -e > -ie-o > - ue-e > -i There are three types of spelling changes which occur : Some verbs follow a slightly different pattern. We will call these spelling change verbs. They have regular endings like -AR, -ER and -IR verbs, but certain letters change as you go through the verb forming a consistent pattern. The present tense 11

13 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 4. Change the –o to –ue on parts 1 2 3 6 encontrar = to find 1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ar 2. Write out verb as if it were regular. 3. Identify the vowel to change: It is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending. encontrar: o changes to ue encuentro encuentras encuentra encontramos encontráis encuentran The present tense 12 Spelling change verbs -o > - ue

14 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 poder = to be able poder: o changes to ue The present tense 13 Spelling change verbs -o > - ue 4. Change the –o to –ue on parts 1 2 3 6 1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -er 2. Write out verb as if it were regular. 3. Identify the vowel to change: It is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending. puedo puedes puede podemos podéis pueden

15 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 dormir = to sleep 1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = - IR dormir: o changes to ue The present tense 14 Spelling change verbs -o > - ue 4. Change the –o to –ue on parts 1 2 3 6 1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ir 2. Write out verb as if it were regular. 3. Identify the vowel to change: It is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending. duermo duermes duerme dormimos dormís duermen

16 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 pensar = to think pensar: -e changes to ie The present tense 15 Spelling change verbs -e > -ie 4. Change the –e to –ie on parts 1 2 3 6 1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ar 2. Write out verb as if it were regular. 3. Identify the vowel to change: It is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending. pienso piensas piensa pensamos pensáis piensan Querer and preferir are two more -e > -ie verbs. Can you write each out in full, using the four steps?

17 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 pedir = to ask for pedir: -e changes to i Note! This change only occurs with –IR verbs The present tense 16 Spelling change verbs -e > -i 4. Change the –e to –i on parts 1 2 3 6 1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ir 2. Write out verb as if it were regular. 3. Identify the vowel to change: It is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending. pido pides pide pedimos pedís piden

18 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Unfortunately not all verbs follow these patterns. Some common verbs are irregular and must be learnt by heart! tener - to have tengoI have, I am having tienesYou have, you are having tiene tenemos tenéis tienen He / she / it has, he / she / it is having We have, we are having You have, you are having They have, they are having The present tense 17

19 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 ir - to go voyI go, I am going vasYou go, you are going vaHe / she / it goes, he / she / it is going vamosWe go, we are going You go, you are going vanThey go, they are going The present tense 18 vais

20 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Some irregular verbs just have a different 1 st part or person and then the rest of the verb acts as if it were regular poner – to put pongoI put, I am putting ponesYou put, you are putting poneHe / she / it puts, he / she / it is putting ponemosWe put, we are putting ponéisYou put, you are putting ponenThey put, they are putting Note! Poner would be regular like comer except for the extra letter in the 1 st part The present tense 19 menu

21 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 ser - to be soyI am, I am being eresYou are, you are being esHe / she / it is, is being somosWe are, we are being soisYou are, you are being sonThey are, they are being estar – to be estoy estás está estamos estáis están Ser / Estar 1 Here are two more very important verbs. They both mean the same thing!

22 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 SER is used for:ESTAR is used for: (1) Things which are permanent(1) Position (2) Names (2) Temporary things or states (3) Nationality (3) Present continuous actions (4) Time (4) Place (5) Colour (5) Feelings (6) Possession Ejemplos: (1)La casa es de piedra. (1) El libro está en la mesa. (2)Es Roberto. (2) La paella está fría. (3)Roberto es español. (3) Ahora está lloviendo. (4)Son las tres en punto. (4) Sevilla está en el sur. (5)El plátano es amarillo. (5) Mi padre está enfadado. (6)El libro es de Ana Ser / Estar 2 Both of these verbs mean ‘to be’, but which one do you use?

23 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Decide which you would use in the following sentences, ser or estar. Don’t forget to put the correct part of the verb! 1. Nuestra profesora ______ enfadada con nosotras. 2. Paris _____la capital de Francia y ____ en el norte del país. 3. Mi hermana trabaja en una tienda, ____dependienta. 4. ¿De qué color _____ la manzana ?______ verde. 5. ¡Esta sopa ______fría, sólo como la sopa caliente! 6. La película _____ muy buena y _____ en inglés. 7. No puedo salir porque mi madre _____enferma. 8. La mesa ____ de madera y el florero_____ de plástico. 9. El abrigo______mojado pero yo_____completamente seco. 10.Es la Nochebuena, fuera ______nevando y las aceras_____ cubiertas de nieve. 11.El tren con destino a Madrid_____en el andén número 8. 12 La cartera ______llena de billetes de mil pesetas. está esestá es Es está es está es está estoy está están está Ser / Estar 3 menu

24 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 The verb TENER means ‘to have’, but very often, by putting another word with it, it is translated instead by ‘to be’ Here are some examples: When you say your age:Tengo quince años - I am fifteen Tener calor to be hot Tener frío to be cold Tener cuidado to be careful Tener hambre to be hungry Tener sed to be thirsty Tener miedo to be afraid Tener razón to be right Tener sueño to be sleepy Tener suerte to be lucky Tener éxito to be successful Use these expressions to make up some sentences. Expressions using tener menu

25 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Reflexive verbs 1 Reflexive verbs are generally used to express actions that we do to ourselves, eg. I wash myself, or often have the word get eg I get washed. In Spanish you use a ‘reflexive pronoun’ in place of myself or get: lavarse - to get washed 1.Write out the verb as if it were a normal regular verb. 2. Add the correct reflexive pronoun. me te se nos os se In the dictionary, the letters se on the end of the infinitive tell you it is a reflexive verb

26 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 lavarse - to get washed lavoI get washed me lavas te you get washed se lavahe / she gets washed lavamos nos we get washed os laváisyou get washed lavan se they get washed Reflexive verbs 2

27 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Using what you have learnt about the verb lavarse to help you, try writing the following two verbs out in full in the same way (they are both regular -ar verbs). levanto levantas levanta levantamos levantáis levantan ducho duchas ducha duchamos ducháis duchan levantarse - to get upducharse - to have a shower me te se nos os se me te se nos os se Reflexive verbs 3

28 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Here are some other reflexive verbs which may be of use when you want to talk about your daily routine in Spanish: despertarse- to wake up levantarse- to get up lavarse- to get washed afeitarse- to have a shave ducharse- to have a shower vestirse- to get dressed quitarse la ropa- to get undressed cepillarse los dientes - to brush your teeth arreglarse- to get ready acostarse- to go to bed NOTICE The three verbs with a red letter are spelling change verbs as well as reflexive verbs. Write a short description of your daily routine using the verbs given here. Reflexive verbs 4 menu

29 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Commands 1 If you need to tell someone what to do in Spanish, then it is important that you use the correct part of the verb. If you want to give instructions to a friend, someone your age, or to a member of your family, then it is best to use the tú form of the verb. For all regular verbs, drop the -s from the end of the normal tú form. Even most irregular verbs follow this rule. Infinitive Present tense tú form Command hablar - to talk hablas - you talk¡Habla! - Talk! comer - to eat comes - you eat¡Come! - Eat! abrir - to open abres - you open¡Abre! - Open! cerrar - to close cierras - you close ¡Cierra! - Close!

30 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 This is the probably the form you will hear your teacher use when he or she addresses the class as a whole: ¡Mirad! - Look! If you want to tell a group of people (family, friends,children) to do something, then simply take the infinitive form of the verb (the part that ends in -AR, -ER, or -IR), take off the r and add the letter d. There are no exceptions to this! ¡Hablad!¡Comed!¡Abrid! hablar comer abrir Commands 2

31 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Telling someone not to do something is quite easy too! hablasas¡Noes!!comescomas! ¡ Noabres¡No abras! 1.Take the normal tú ending off the verb. 2. Change the verb endings in the following way: Use –ER endings for –AR verbs Use – AR endings for –ER and –IR verbs 3. Finally just put the no in front of the command word Commands 3 menu

32 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 To use negatives in Spanish means you want to say that you do not do something. Compare the English: I run I do not run. (1) To change a sentence into the negative in Spanish usually you just put no in front of the verb. (2) If the verb is made up of two parts always put the no before the first part. Examples: (1) Hablo español No hablo italiano. (2) He comido gambas No he comido gambas. Negatives and negative phrases 1

33 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Change these sentences into the negative: 1.Veo la televisión todos los días. 2.Ayer vi dos programas. 3.El viernes pasado vi mi programa preferido. 4.He visto la última película de George Clooney. 5.Como pescado y patatas fritas. 6.Practico el tenis en verano. 7.Leo libros en mis horas libres. 8.Voy al cine los viernes. 9.Salgo con mis amigos. Respuestas 1. No veo la televisión todos los días. 2. Ayer no vi dos programas. 3. El viernes pasado no vi mi programa preferido. 4. No he visto la última película de George Clooney. 5. No como pescado y patatas fritas. 6. No practico el tenis en verano. 7. No leo libros en mis horas libres. 8. No voy al cine los viernes. 9. No salgo con mis amigos. Negatives and negative phrases 2

34 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Another way to change a sentence into the negative is to use another word with no. The following can be used for negatives. nada = nothing nunca = never ningún(a) = no/not anynadie = nobodyni…ni = neither…nor They can be used in the following two ways: (1)Place the no in front of the verb and the other word directly after the verb. (2)Put the special word in front of the verb and do not use no. Examples (1)No vi nada. Nada vi. I saw nothing. (2)No viene nunca. Nunca viene. She / He never comes. (3)No vino nadie. Nadie vino Nobody came. (4)No sobrevivió ninguna persona. Nobody survived. Ninguna persona sobrevivió. (5) No vino ni Paco ni Ana. Neither Paco nor Ana came. Ni Paco ni Ana vino. Negatives and negative phrases 3 Note that ni…ni works slightly differently!

35 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Rewrite the sentences, this time including the negative expression in brackets. You may leave out the no, if you wish! (1)Voy al centro de la ciudad. (no) (nunca) (2)Raúl y Roberto vinieron a la discoteca.(ni…ni) (3)Vi a alguien en la calle. (no) (nadie) (4)Roberto sale de casa. (no) (nunca) (5)Lo había leído. (no) (nadie) (6)Para la clase de historia necesito algo. (no) (nada) (7)Hay un hombre en la playa. (no) (ningún) (8)Tiene naranjas y manzanas. (ni…ni) (9)He comprado un regalo. (no) (ningún) (10) He comprado algo. (no) (nada) Respuestas: 1.No voy nunca al centro de la ciudad. Nunca voy al centro de la ciudad. 2.No vinieron ni Raúl ni Roberto a la discoteca. Ni Raúl ni Roberto vinieron a la discoteca. 3.No vi a nadie en la calle. A nadie vi en la calle. 4.Roberto no sale nunca de casa. Roberto nunca sale de casa. 5.No lo había leído nadie. Nadie lo había leído. 6.Para la clase de historia no necesito nada. Nada necesito para la clase de historia. 7.No hay ningún hombre en la playa. Ningún hombre hay en la playa. 8.No tiene ni naranjas ni manzanas. Ni naranjas ni manzanas tiene. 9.No he comprado ningún regalo. 10.No he comprado nada. Nada he comprado. Negatives and negative phrases 4 menu

36 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Verbs which take the infinitive The infinitive is the part of the verb you will find in the dictionary. In Spanish, it usually ends with –AR, -ER or -IR. We usually translate the infinitive as to do something, for example to talk, to eat or to open. If you see an infinitive in a Spanish sentence, you will find that it usually follows another verb. Example. I want to go home. Quiero volver a casa. In this sentence there are two verbs: 1 = I want (quiero) 2 = to go / return (volver) The first verb is in the first person (yo). The second verb always stays in the infinitive. menu

37 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Impersonal verb expressions 1 Some verbs do not need to change when you use them as they stay the same for all people. They are called impersonal verbs. Here are three useful examples: (1) Se debe… One must… / You ought to… (2) Hace falta… It is necessary… (3) Hay que… It is necessary… / You must… They can be (1) used with the infinitive (2) used with a reflexive pronoun to denote who is being referred to (1) Debe relajarse. You ought to relax. (2) Hace falta llegar temprano. It is necessary to arrive early. (3) Hay que tener más cuidado. You need to take more care. (4) Me hace falta azúcar y leche. I need sugar and milk.

38 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Impersonal verb expressions 2 Now try putting these sentences into Spanish. 1. You need to sit down. 2. It is necessary to hire a car. 3. You must take these pills three times a day. 4. I need half a dozen eggs. 5. It is necessary to leave early. 6. You ought to buy this book. 7. You must see this film. 8. You need to buy some milk. 9. You ought to drive more carefully. 10. You ought to see a doctor. Respuestas. 1. Se debe sentar. 2. Hace falta alquilar un coche. 3. Hay que tomar estas píldoras tres veces por día. 4. Me hace falta media docena de huevos. 5. Hay que salir temprano. 6. Se debe comprar este libro. 7. Hay que ver esta película. 8. Te hace falta comprar leche. 9. Se debe conducir con más cuidado. 10.Se debe consultar un médico. menu

39 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 The present participle 1 The present participle is a very useful part of the verb. It is usually translated in English by ‘-ing’. Eg. I am talking Normally, you can just use the present tense for this in Spanish: Hablo español = I speak Spanish, I am speaking Spanish. But sometimes you need to emphasise exactly what you are doing at a certain point in time, and it is then that the present participle is needed. When this happens in the present tense, we call this the present continuous Example: Listen, I am talking! ¡Escucha, estoy hablando! present tense verb present participle

40 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 The present participle 2 To form the present participle of an -AR verb, take the infinitive, remove the -AR and add -ANDO HABLAR HABL ANDO To form the present participle of an -ER or -IR verb, take the infinitive, remove the -ER or -IR, and add -IENDO. COMER COM IENDOABRIR ABR IENDO How do we form the present participle?

41 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Irregular present participles There are only a few irregular present participles and they can be put into two groups. 1.Verbs which use a y instead of an i: verb stem participle caerto fall cay cayendo falling leerto read ley leyendo reading irto go y yendo going oírto hear oy oyendo hearing 2. spelling change verbs verb stem participle servirto serve sirv sirviendo serving pedir to ask for pid pidiendo asking for dormirto sleep durm durmiendo sleeping decir to say dic diciendo saying venir to come vin viniendo coming The present participle 3 menu

42 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 The present continuous 1 In Spanish this now becomes a compound tense or quite simply a verb in two parts. It is quite straightforward to form and use, provided you form the two parts in the way that you are shown on the next slide. The verb can be divided into two parts as in English. Example I am eating. I am from the verb to be (in Spanish you use ESTAR) eating the present participle of the verb to eat.

43 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 To form the present continuous tense in Spanish you need two parts. (1) The present tense of ‘estar’ (2) The present participle of the verb you are emphasising I am You are He / she / it is We are You are They are estoy estás está estamos estáis están speaking hablando speakinghablando speakinghablando speaking hablando speaking hablando speaking hablando Note: ‘estar’ changes but the present participle does not. The present continuous 2

44 © Boardworks Ltd 2003 Now see if you can change the present tense to the present continuous in each of the following sentences! 1.Juan y Ana beben café con leche en la cafetería. 2.Hoy llueve a cántaros, no acaba. 3.Nosotros leemos revistas en la clase de ciencias. 4.Los camareros sirven a muchos clientes hoy. 5.Anita pone la mesa para ayudar a su madre. 6.El gato duerme en el jardín. 7.Los niños juegan al fútbol en el parque. 8.María se viste en su dormitorio. 9.Mi madre ve su telenovela preferida en la tele. 10.Yo aprendo el español en el instituto. 11.Vosotras cantáis en el coro. 12.El cliente pide la cuenta. 1.Juan y Ana están bebiendo café con leche en la cafetería. 2.Hoy está lloviendo a cántaros, no está acabando. 3.Nosotros estamos leyendo revistas en la clase de ciencias. 4.Los camareros están sirviendo a muchos clientes hoy. 5.Anita está poniendo la mesa para ayudar a su madre. 6.El gato está durmiendo en el jardín. 7.Los niños están jugando al fútbol en el parque. 8.María está vistiéndose en su dormitorio. 9.Mi madre está viendo su telenovela preferida en la tele. 10.Yo estoy aprendiendo el español en el instituto. 11.Vosotras estáis cantando en el coro. 12.El cliente está pidiendo la cuenta. Note: If you put the pronoun on the end of the participle, as in number 8, you must put an accent on the verb stem vowel! The present continuous 3 menu