Grammar Revision 2ºBTO.

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1 Grammar Revision 2ºBTO

2 + - + - ? ? + Present simple present continuous
Conson + y = – ies (study- studies) O = es (go – goes) S, x, ch, sh = es (watch- watches/ mix-mixes) Present simple + We study English My sister watches TV he/ she / it : -s -es (plays, goes) - Don`t Doesn´t We don´t study She doesn´t study + verb ? Do you study ? Does she study? A + S + V ? Am Is Are + present continuous V-ing I am studying you are studying he is studying + V monosilábicos q terminan en 1 vocal + 1 cons., doblan cons. Run—running swim—swimming V de dos sílabas y acento en la 2ª, doblan consonante Begin—beginning Verbos que acaban en l , doblan l Travel—travelling Verbos que acaban en -ie , cambia a y + ing Die—dying - I am not studying You aren´t studying He isn´t studying Study- studying Play-playing Am I studying? Are you studying? Is he studying? ? A + S + V ?

3 Present simple actions which happen regularly Habits States
The simple present is used for two main types of action: actions which happen regularly on Sundays Frequency Adverbs : -always, usually, often – every day, every week, Once a month, etc. Habits States Things which do not often change ( opinions, conditions, etc) present continuous The present continuous tense is used for two main types of action: A temporary action happening now : Something which is going on right now (but it will stop in the future) Algo que está ocurriendo ahora pero parará en el futuro) A definite plan for the future : Something we intend to do, usually in the near future. Algo que tenemos la intención de hacer en un futuro cercano

4 Non-continuous verbs / Stative verbs
There are some verbs that you don't usually use in the continuous form, just as in Spanish. Generally speaking they're verbs that describe states and not actions, such as these: verbs describing thought processes and opinions: think, believe, remember, know, forget, agree, disagree… verbs describing emotions: want, like, love, hate, adore, detest… verbs describing the senses: see, hear, taste, feel, smell… This doesn't mean that it's impossible to use these verbs in the continuous. It just means that it's unusual and would probably be very specific in a particular situation.

5 Frequency adverbs and time expressions
At the end of the sentence How often..? I do yoga twice a week Always Usually Often Sometimes Hardly ever Never Every day Once a day / week / month.. Twice a day / week / month.. Three times a day / week / month.. Twelve times a day / week / month.. Before the verb She often plays golf After to be They are always hungry

6 Use Past Simple + - ? Suj + I played 2nd col I sang I didn´t play
Monosyllabic ending in 1 vowel+1 conson, double conson Stop—stopped 2 syllables & stress in the 2nd, double consonant Permit—permitted V ending in conson + y i + ed Study—studied Vowel + y ed play - played I played Use + Suj + V+ -ed 2nd col I sang - Suj + didn´t + verb Past and finished actions. We visited the museum last week A series of completed actions in the past When I opened the door, the dog barked at the postman. Past states. The old lady lived in this house in 1887 I didn´t play I didn´t sing ? Did+ Suj + verb ? A+S+V ? Did you play? Did you sing? TIME EXPRESSIONS Yesterday last week/year 2 days ago In in the 80s when then

7 + - ? Past Continuous Remember + Was/ wasn´t I was playing +
Were + V-ing I , He , She , It Was/ wasn´t I was playing + Was Were + V-ing Suj + You were singing You, we, they I wasn´t playing - Wasn´t Weren´t Suj + + V-ing You weren´t singing Were/weren´t ? Was I playing? Was Were + Suj + V-ing Were you singing? A+S+V ? Time expressions: While , as , last night / week , at 3 o´clock

8 Usos : Para decir lo que estaba ocurriendo en un momento concreto del pasado (no algo puntual, sino algo en proceso). La acción comenzó antes de dicho momento y seguramente continuó después. Fíjate que suelen expresar acciones largas. I was studying all day yesterday I studied all day yesterday Solamente informas, no quieres dar la idea de cuánto tiempo pasaste estudiando Parece q la acción d estudiar fue algo muy largo 2. Para 2 acciones que estuvieron ocurriendo al mismo tiempo. While you were reading the newspaper, I was doing my homework 3. Para la mas larga de las acciones, que suele ser interrumpida x una mas breve. I was walking by the street when it began to rain.

9 + - ? Present perfect Time expressions + A+S+V ?
Have Has + V-ed 3ª col + I have worked She has written - I haven´t worked She hasn´t written ? Have you worked? Has she written ? A+S+V ? Time expressions Ever , never , yet , just , Already , lately , how long..? For , since , in recent years

10 TIME EXPRESSIONS EVER : (Interrogativas)(“alguna vez”) Entre el auxiliar y el verbo. Have you ever been to London? NEVER : (“Nunca”) Siempre con el verbo afirmativa. I have never seen a class like this. FOR : Indica un periodo de tiempo, cuánto ha durado una acción. (durante-desde hace) I´ve known him for twenty years. (Le conozco desde hace 20 años) DURING: + noun . Indica cuando ocurrió algo (not how long) during our holiday during the summer during the night SINCE : Indica el momento o circunstancia concreta en que comenzó la acción. I´ve known her since (La conozco desde 1994) JUST : Indica que la acción acaba de concluir. Va entre el auxiliar y el verbo. Have + just + Past Participle = “acabar de + infinitivo” I´ve just washed my hair ( Me acabo de lavar el pelo). ALREADY : Va con oraciones afirmativas e interrogativas. (Entre el auxiliar y el verbo).( “ Ya” ) I´ve already seen that film ( Ya he visto esa película) Have you already washed the dishes? (¿Ya has lavado los platos?) YET : Va con oraciones negativas e interrogativas. ( Al final de la frase) Negativas. (aún,todavía). I haven´t found it yet. (Aún no lo he encontrado) Interrogativas (“ya”) Has the doctor come yet? (¿Ha venido ya el médico?)

11 usos Para hablar de experiencias y hechos pasados que han ocurrido a lo largo del tiempo sin especificar el momento. I have eaten Chinese food many times Para hablar de acciones que aún continúan aunque empezaron tiempo atrás.(Suele llevar “for” y “since” ). Las preguntas se hacen con “How long..?” I´ve lived here for five years ( Vivo aquí desde hace 5 años-todavía vivo aquí) Para acciones que ocurrieron en un momento indeterminado del pasado y cuyo resultado podemos ver. We´ve painted the kitchen Expresar que una acción acaba de ocurrir. Entonces añadimos “just” entre el aux. y el verbo The team has just scored a goal

12 CONTRASTE PAST SIMPLE / PRESENT PERFECT
Past Simple: acciones que ocurrieron en un momento concreto del pasado. When did Sam go to India? Last June Present Perfect: experiencias que han ocurrido en algún momento indeterminado. Sam has been to India. Past Simple: acciones completamente acabadas. I lived in India in 1992. Present Perfect: acciones que comenzaron en el pasado pero que continúan en el presente I´ve lived in India since Past Simple: se acompaña de expresiones de tiempo pasado yesterday, 2 years ago. Present Perfect: se acompaña con ever, never, yet, already….

13 Present perfect continuous Use Time expressions + + - ?
of “to be” Have been Has been + V-ing ( llevar + gerundio) Time expressions I have been working She has been studying + For a year , since 2002 , how long..? All day / night / week … I haven´t been working She hasn´t been studying - Have you been working ? Has she been studying ? ? Use An action that started in the past and which still continues in the present. Or has recently stopped. (Como todos los contínuos resalta el tiempo que está durando la acción) You´re out of breath. Have you been running? She has been working here for 2 years Actions repeated over a period of time. She´s been playing tennis since she was 8 An action whose results are still apparent. I´m still tired.. I have been studying all night

14 Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
Period of time: I´ve been washing the car. I´m rather wet Completed action: I´ve washed the car. It looks a lot cleaner now The CONTINUOUS here focuses on the action going on The SIMPLE focuses on the result of the action Continuous : For an activity that is still happening. How long ? How long have you been reading that book? Simple : Completed actions. How much? How many? How many times? How many pages of the book have you read? Mary is still writing letters. She´s been writing letters all day Mary has written ten letters today. Non-continuous verbs: like, know, believe, etc. Not normally used in CONT Live & work : we use either CONTINUOUS or SIMPLE John has been living/has lived in London for a long time With “always” we use the SIMPLE . John has always lived in London

15 Past perfect Use Time expressions + By + a time = no later than - ?
V-ed 3ª col Had + Time expressions Already , by the time, after , Before, Until , never , just + I had worked By + a time = no later than I´ll have finished my work by 11:30 (I´ll have finished it no later than 11:30) - I hadn´t worked ? Use Had you worked ? A completed action which took place before another action in the past By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started Present Future Past Perfect Past

16 Past perfect continuous Use Time expressions + + - ? Past perfect
of “to be” + had been V-ing (llevaba + gerundio) Time expressions For hours , since last year All morning , when , until , before + I had been - I hadn´t been Use ? Had you been ? Para hablar de una acción prolongada que ocurrió en el pasado antes que otra acción breve también pasada. Suelen ir unidas por una expresión de tiempo de las del cuadro, o “although” , “because”. We had been driving for 5 hours when we ran out of petrol.

17 Future TO BE GOING TO + INFINITIVO
( Futuro de intención) Para hablar de nuestras intenciones, planes cercanos, o preguntar a otros lo que han pensado hacer en un futuro próximo. Next week I´m going to celebrate my birthday. Para hacer predicciones basadas en una evidencia en el momento en que hablamos. Listen to the wind. It´s going to be a storm. FUTURE SIMPLE will + inf Para expresar decisiones espontáneas en el momento en que hablamos (ofrecimientos, peticiones, promesas, advertencias, amenazas..) I think you´ll learn this very quickly The window is open. Don´t worry I´ll close it Para hacer predicciones basadas en nuestra opinión. He won´t come.

18 FUTURE CONTINUOUS Use FUTURE perfect Use Time expressions
Future de “to be” + V-ing Time expressions + At this time, at this time next… On Thursday , in the next decade I will be studying - I won´t be studying ? Will you be studying ? An action in progress at a certain time in the future At this time next year, I will be studying Law in Madrid Use FUTURE perfect V-ed 3ª col Future de “have” + + I will have studied Time expressions - I won´t have studied Use By this time next week, by 10 o´clock…, In three months ? Will you have studied? A completed action at a certain time in the future. By the end of June, we will have finished our exams

19 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets.
Use a present, past or future tense. 1.When you get home from the shop, I ……………………… (help) you carry in the bags. 2.By the end of the school year, I ……………………… (speak) French very well. 3.……………………… you ……………………… (pay) the water bill yesterday? 4.We ……………………… (not usually eat) a big meal in the evening. 5.While he ……………………… (reach) for his cup of coffee, he accidentally knocked it over. 6.Next week, Emma ……………………… (visit) me. 7.Today, our teacher ……………………… (take) us to the British Museum in London. will help will be speaking Did pay don’t usually eat was reaching is going to visit / is visiting is taking / is going to take

20 Complete the sentences with the words in brackets.
Use the correct form of a perfect tense or the Past Simple. 1. Andrea ……………………………… (leave) for the airport by the time I ……………………………… (call) to say goodbye. 2.Tom ……………………………… (play) tennis for years but he still ……………………………… (not convince) his wife to learn the game. 3.By this time tomorrow, everyone ……………………………… (hear) about your secret. I’m surprised that you ……………………………… (manage) not to tell anyone yet. 4.Last week, the car ……………………………… (run out) of petrol. We ……………………………… (should / fill) it up before we left. 5.You ……………………………… (not hand in) your essay yet. I’m surprised because you ……………………………… (work) on it all week. had left called hasn’t convinced has been playing will have heard have managed ran out should have filled haven’t handed in have been working

21 Reported speech

22 Cambios en los tiempos verbales
Tense Direct Speech Indirect Speech Present simple “He works as an editor” Past simple He said that he worked as an editor Present continuous “He is working as an editor” Past continuous He said that he was working as an editor “He worked as an editor” Past perfect He said that he had worked as an editor “He was working as an editor” Past perfect continuous He said that he had been working as an editor Present perfect simple “He has worked as an editor” Present perfect continuous “He has been working as an editor” simple “He had worked as an editor” “He had been working as an editor” Future simple “He will work as an editor” Would + infin. He said that he would work as an editor

23 Cambios en otras palabras
Cambios en los modales Can May Must / have to Will Could Might Must / had to Would Cambios en otras palabras Now Then Today That day Tonight That night Yesterday The previous day / the day before Last week The previous week / the week before A month ago The previous month / the month before Tomorrow The following day / the next day / the day after Next week The following week / the week after Here There This That These Those

24 Reported questions Hay dos tipos de preguntas:
LAS YES / NO QUESTIONS son las que se contestan con un “si” o un “no”. para ponerlas en estilo indirecto utilizamos el verbo ask, y a continuación if o whether. Entonces la pregunta deja de serlo y se convierte en una frase afirmativa, ya no hay inversión sujeto-verbo(A+S+V), ni signo de interrogación, ni comillas. “Did you speak to John last night?” She asked She asked if / whether I had spoken to John last night LAS WH-QUESTIONS son las que empiezan por una palabra interrogativa (Wh- word) Al pasarlas al estilo indirecto ponemos dicha palabra (wh-) y luego el sujeto + verbo. ►Who told you that story? She asked She asked who had told us that story Who are you writing to? She asked She asked who I was writing to

25 Reported orders Para poner una orden en estilo indirecto cambiamos el imperativo por un infinitivo con to. Pero antes del infinitivo debemos poner un verbo que exprese mandato, como Tell u order , seguido del complemento indirecto. Hay otros verbos que siguen esta estructura aunque no expresen orden. Ask o beg para peticiones. Warn para advertir a alguien de algo. Advise para dar consejo Invite para hacer una invitación. “Stop driving so fast” My mother ordered me to stop driving so fast. Si la oración es negativa , ponemos not delante de to. “Don´t tell anybody” He begged me not to tell anybody

26 Reported suggestions Primero ponemos el sujeto y el verbo suggest en pasado y después lo que se sugirió. Las sugerencias se pueden pasar a estilo indirecto de dos formas: usando una oración introducida por that, con su sujeto y el verbo en la forma base. (El verbo demand, que expresa mandato, también sigue esta estructura) “Let´s watch the news” Tom suggested Tom suggested that we watch the news Usando el gerundio, sin especificar ningún sujeto. “ Let´s phone the police inmediately” He suggested phoning the police inmediately

27 + ? Reported verbs SÚPLICAS Y RUEGOS Órdenes Sugerencias Complain
Declare Deny Explain Inform Insist + Admit Agree Answer Apologise Boast (presumir, alardear) Claim Mention Offer Promise Refuse Remind Reply ? Enquire Request Want to know Wonder SÚPLICAS Y RUEGOS Beg Órdenes Demand Order Shout Warn Sugerencias Advise Invite Suggest Recommend

28 Complete the sentences in reported speech.
1. “Don’t turn up the music!” My father warned me 2.“How much money have you saved?” The bank clerk wanted to know 3.“You must remember to give us the house key.” Bertha and Marion said 4.“Do the actors know their lines?” The director asked 5.“I’m not going to eat any more ice cream.” Andrew announced not to turn up the music how much money I had saved. that I / we had to remember to give them the house key. if / whether the actors knew their lines. that he wasn’t going to eat any more ice cream.

29 The reward of a thing well done is to have done it.
Passive voice The reward of a thing well done is to have done it. Ralph Waldo Emerson

30 They gave Diana a camera last week
SUJETO + VERBO + OI OD CC Diana was given a camera last week SUJETO (OI) + BE+PARTICIPIO + OD + CC (BY+SUJETO) A camera was given to Diana last week SUJETO (OD) + BE+PARTIC OI + CC + (BY+SUJ) 1.Identificar el objeto de la activa(OD/OI) 2.Lo ponemos de sujeto de la pasiva 3.Identificamos el tiempo del verbo. 4.Ponemos “to be” en el mismo tiempo + Past Participle (3ª column /-ed) del verbo 5.Ponemos el sujeto de la activa como agente de la pasiva precedido por “by”

31 + Se forma con el verbo “to be” + el participio ( -ed / 3ª c) del verbo principal An astronaut was sent into space - Hay que añadir “not” (n´t) al “to be”. Si la frase lleva un modal, un verbo en futuro simple o un tiempo compuesto, lo que negamos es el modal, will o have / has. An astronaut wasn´t sent into space ? El orden es to be + el sujeto + el participio. Si es un modal, un verbo en futuro simple o un tiempo compuesto, la pasiva empieza con el modal o el auxiliar, igual que en la activa. Was an astronaut sent into space?

32 TEN EN CUENTA QUE… Al poner en pasiva una frase afirmativa cuenta el número de palabras que tiene el verbo en activa. En pasiva tiene que haber una más. Al poner en pasiva una frase interrogativa debes empezar por el auxiliar. Are they preparing the meal? Is the meal being prepared? Si la pasiva es negativa, “ not” va con el primer auxiliar They are not making the meal. The meal is not being prepared It is said that.. / He is said to Con verbos como believed, thought, expected, said, estimate, known, considered, reported… la pasiva se hace de dos formas: “Experts expect that the Chinese economy will grow” 1. “The Chinese economy is expected to grow” 2. “It is expected that the Chinese economy will grow”

33 HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE
Cuando alguien hace las cosas x nosotros, ej “cortar el pelo, pintar un piso, etc. Have/get + object (my room, my hair, ..)+ Participio (-ed/3ªc) En cualquier tiempo = I´m having, I´ve had, I´ll have I´m having my house painted (Me están pintando la casa) When are you going to have your hair cut? (¿Cuándo te vas a cortar el pelo?)

34 Complete the sentences with the correct active or passive form of the verbs in brackets.
1. My sister ……………………… (lose) a lot of weight lately because she ……………………… (give) a new diet by our doctor. 2.The letter ……………………… (already send) by the time Jerry ……………………… (ask) me about it. 3.I ……………………… (live) in this house since I was born. It ……………………… (build) by my grandparents. has lost has been given had already been sent asked / will already have been sent asks was built have lived / have been living

35 Complete the passage with the verbs in brackets
Complete the passage with the verbs in brackets. Use the active or passive. People have always been frightened of natural disasters. In ancient times, floods and earthquakes (1) ……………………………… (consider) a punishment from the gods. Recently, in many places in the world, much damage (2) ……………………………… (cause) by natural disasters. Now, scientists (3) ……………………………… (try) to discover whether it’s possible to use animals to predict natural disasters. In 2004, animals ran to the hills before the beaches in Thailand (4) ……………………………… (hit) by the tsunami. If the reason for this behaviour (5) ……………………………… (can / discover), it may help scientists find a solution and many lives (6) ……………………………… (might / save) in the future. were considered has been caused are trying were hit can be discovered might be saved

36 Conditionals

37 1st 2nd 3rd Summing up…. If + present simple , future simple Modal
Imperative Unless = if not 2nd If + past simple , would + infinitivo Could might 3rd If + past perfect , would have + participio Could have might have

38 Oraciones temporales Se forman como las de 1st conditional : Present Simple , Future Simple. Lo que cambian son las conjunciones : as soon as , by the time , when , the moment (that) , etc She´ll buy a car as soon as she passes her driving test When I get home, I´ll help you with your homework

39 Wish Clauses Wish / if only + Past simple Wish / if only +
Situaciones presentes que quisiéramos cambiar/mejorar He wishes his house were bigger If only I lived near the school Wish / if only + Past Perfect Hechos pasados lamentando lo Ocurrido Pam wishes she and Tom hadn´t broken up If only Sarah had arrived earlier + base form Wish / if only + Could Would Deseos sobre situaciones futuras, indicando q es poco probable q ocurran I wish I could improve my marks If only he would call me

40 Complete the sentences without changing the original meanings.
1. Gary is sorry that he doesn’t know how to change a tyre. Gary wishes 2.I’m not old enough to go to that club. If I 3.It’s a shame that they didn’t enjoy the play. We wish they 4.She didn’t go to the wedding because they didn’t invite her. If they he could change a tyre. were old enough / older, I would go to that club. had enjoyed the play. had invited her to the wedding, she would have gone.

41 RELATIVE PRONOUNS & RELATIVE CLAUSES

42 Omisión Who & that para referirnos a personas
Which & that para referirnos a cosas When & that para referirnos a un momento en el tiempo Where para referirnos a lugares Whose expresa posesión (“ cuyo”) (* Nunca es sujeto y no se puede omitir) Omisión Pron. Relat. + Verbo = NO del relative pronoun Pron. Relat + Suj + Verbo = SI Nunca se puede omitir si es el sujeto de la oración de relativo The man who visited us yesterday is a professor The house that was so old was rebuilt Sujeto = sustituye a The man sujeto = sustituye a The house Podemos omitirlo si no es el sujeto de la oración de relativo The man (who) we met at the bus stop told me the truth Sujeto de la or. de relativo The house (that) we bought is very comfortable Sujeto de la or. de relativo

43 Defining relative clauses
Hay dos tipos de oraciones de relativo Non-Defining relative clauses Defining relative clauses imprescindibles para “definir”el antecedente. Sin ellas el sentido de la oración quedaría incompleto. The computer which we bought is very expensive ( si no especificamos de qué ordenador hablamos no queda claro el sentido) Los pronombres who, which y that pueden omitirse si no hacen de sujeto. Whose no se puede omitir ni sustituir. Pron. Relat. + Verbo = NO This is the blog whose author is unknown Pron. Relat + Suj + Verbo = SI When y where son los adverbios relativos. When puede omitirse y sustituirse por that. I´ll never forget the day (when/that) I met him. Where no puede sustituirse por that y no suele omitirse. I visited the area where all the trendy shops are. Si el relativo lleva preposición, lo mas común es omitirlo y poner la preposición detrás del verbo. The boy (who/that) I talked to was nervous

44 Non-Defining relative clauses
Nos dan información extra que no es esencial sobre su antecedente. Si quitamos la or. de relativo la frase tiene sentido The king of Spain, who lives in Madrid, is called Juan Carlos Siempre van entre comas. No se puede usar that. Se forman con who, which, when, where y whose. Nunca se omiten. Se utilizan en el lenguaje escrito y formal.

45 Complete the passage with relative pronouns.
I work at an animal shelter (1) ……………………… takes in homeless animals. The shelter is the place (2) ……………………… the animals are fed and taken care of. On the day (3) ……………………… animals are brought to the shelter, Dr Sloan is the vet (4) ……………………… examines them and gives them medical treatment. Anyone (5) ……………………… pet is lost can come to the shelter to see if it’s there. which where when who whose Combine the sentences using a relative clause. Here is the box. I keep my discs in it. 2.Look at that park. I used to play there. 3.I graduated from university. I’ll never forget that day. 4.We invited Jane to dinner. Her family is abroad. 5.My sister studied medicine. She’s a good doctor. Here is the box where I keep my discs. Look at that park where I used to play. I’ll never forget the day when / that I graduated from university. We invited Jane, whose family is abroad, to dinner. My sister, who studied medicine, is a good doctor.

46 Combine the sentences using a suitable relative pronoun
1.Dan just came back from Hawaii. There are great beaches there. Dan 2.Janet is a student. Her travel diary won a prize. Janet, 3.Do you remember the evening? Janet played the guitar for us. Do you 4.He is the man. He sold us the package holiday. He is the man 5.This is the jeep. It will take us to the hotel. This just came back from Hawaii, where there are great beaches. whose travel diary won a prize, is a student. remember the evening when Janet played the guitar for us? who / that sold us the package holiday. is the jeep that / which will take us to the hotel.

47 Modals

48 Have to (no modal:has to) They have to wear a uniform
USE MODAL EXAMPLE OBLIGATION tengo la obligación de, debo, tengo que Must # Have to (no modal:has to) They have to wear a uniform I must finish this exercise NECESSITY Need to (no modal)(+) She needs to speak to you NO OBLIGATION No hace falta que Needn´t = Don´t have to(no modal) You needn´t come if you don´t want to You don´t have to come if you don´t want to PROHIBITION no puedes Mustn´t You mustn´t smoke at school ABILITY Se, puedo, soy capaz Can (presente) Could (pasado) Be able to -todos los tiempos I can play the piano I could climb mountains I will be able to drive a bus POSSIBILITY May (puede que) Might (pudiera ser que) (posib + remota) Could (puede que) They may begin acting like criminals He might come They could be on the train now DEDUCTION/ CERTAINTY Must (I´m sure) Can´t (It´s imposible) That must be your mother (esa debe ser tu madre) That can´t be true (eso no puede ser verdad)

49 Modal Uso Example Can Habilidad Permiso Posibilidad Pedir algo I can drive a bus Can I go to the toilet? She can come to the party Can you lend me some money Can´t Imposibilidad Deducción I can´t lift this box Those can´t be my keys. I´ve got them Could Habilidad en el pasado Preguntar formalmente Especular Sugerir I could play the guitar when I was five Could you tell me the time, please? Whose could these glasses be? We could go to the theatre Couldn´t Imposibilidad en el pasado I couldn´t ride a bike when I was five Be able to I will be able to pass this subject May / Might It might rain tomorrow May Pedir algo educadamente May I borrow your book, please? Would Pedir algo formalmente Ofrecer (con like) Hábitos en pasado(used to) Would you come with me to the wedding? Would you like some tea? She would tell us stories Must Obligación, You must be quiet in the library John must be very busy. He didn´t come Have to Obligación I have to study hard if I want to pass Need to I need to buy some meat for dinner Needn´t No obligación You needn´t do all the exercises Don´t have to We don´t have to attend the conference Mustn´t Prohibición You mustn´t step on the grass Should /ought to Consejo , opinión You should tell the truth

50 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the modals and verbs in brackets.
1. They ……………………… (could / go) to the film but they decided to stay at home. 2.I ……………………… (mustn’t / forget) to buy Mum a birthday present. 3.She missed the test today. She ……………………… (must / be) ill. 4.You ……………………… (shouldn’t / spend) so much money. Think about the future. 5.You ……………………… (needn’t / leave) your dog at home. It would have had fun here. 6.I ……………………… (might / find) a babysitter if I had really tried. could have gone mustn’t forget must be shouldn’t spend / shouldn’t have spent needn’t have left might have found

51 Rewrite the sentences with the modals in brackets
Rewrite the sentences with the modals in brackets. Do not change the original meaning of the sentences. 1. He’s sure that she’s happy about the news. (must) 2.It’s possible that the children broke the window. (might) 3.I guess David forgot about the meeting. (must) 4.I won’t be able to come to the party. (can) 5.It’s a good idea to wear a suit for the interview. (should) She must be happy about the news. The children might have broken the window. David must have forgotten about the meeting I can’t come to the party. You should wear a suit for the interview.

52 Translate My abuelo afirmó que se jubilaría el año siguiente
Mi madre me aconsejó que no solicitara el trabajo de dependiente en Berska Se pueden encontrar montones de gangas en internet ¿Dónde se venden vaqueros de marca en esta ciudad? Nunca me enamoraré de nadie a no ser que compartamos los mismos intereses Yo rompería con mi novio si me tratara mal My grandfather claimed that he would retire the following year My mum advised me not to apply for the job as a shop assistant at Berska Lots of bargains can be found on the Internet Where are brand-name jeans sold in this town? I´ll never fall in love with anybody unless we share common interests I would break up with my boyfriend if he treated me badly

53 Ojalá tuvieras mejor sentido del humor
Sentí decirle adiós a la chica que había conocido He reservado una habitación en el hotel en el que nos quedamos el año pasado El desfile puede ser cancelado por culpa de la fuerte lluvia No hace falta que te disfraces para participar en el Carnaval de Cádiz Deberías ponerte elegante para ir a la boda de Julio Marta parece enfadada. Puede que haya discutido con Tim. Podías haber planificado este viaje con bastante antelación I wish you had a better sense of humor I was sorry to say goodbye to the girl who/that I had met I´ve booked a room in the hotel which/that we stayed in last year where we stayed last year The parade may be cancelled because of the heavy rain You needn´t disguise yourself to take part in the Cadiz Carnival You should dress up to go to Julia´s wedding Marta looks angry. She might have argued with Tim You could have planned this trip well in advance