Tecnología del Aire Limpio presentado por National Air Filtration Association Promoviendo la Industria del Aire Limpio Mundialmente Copyright 2003 V3

Insertar puesto y nombre de compañía Insertar nombre aqui Insertar puesto y nombre de compañía This empty slide is for you to add your name and company name. Good speaking etiquette dictates that this should be the only place you say anything about your company. ©National Air Filtration Association

Propósito Comprender los principios de la filtración del aire Aprender acerca de los métodos de prueba ASHRAE 52.1 ASHRAE 52.2 – MERV DOP para filtros HEPA Eliminación de contaminantes en fase molecular Adsorción – Carbón Activado Quimioadsorción – Permanganato de Potasio Calidad del Aire Interior ©National Air Filtration Association

Mecanismos de la Filtración de Partículas Colado Impacto Intercepción Difusión Atracción Electroestática Begin by explaining most people think of filters like they thought of their mother’s sieve – that Partículas are removed because they are trapped by straining. Actually, this is the smallest mechanism of filtration – then introduce the others. ©National Air Filtration Association 2

Colado Las partículas muy grandes son capturadas entre dos fibras. Flujo de Aire Partícula Fibra Flujo de Aire Flujo de Aire ©National Air Filtration Association

Impacto Fibra Flujo de Aire Las partículas grandes no siguen la corriente de aire y continúan con su dirección original impactándose con la fibra debido a su inercia. Flujo de Aire Partícula Fibra Flujo de Aire I always use the analogy here of a 1954 Buick which weighed about 4000 pounds. We are going to put you in the drivers seat, strap the accelerator wide open and head you towards a forest. You’ll probably miss the first tree even the second, however the momentum of the car will ultimately it a tree. Same with big Partículas traveling at high rates of speed. Flujo de Aire ©National Air Filtration Association 3

Intercepción Las partículas medianas siguen la corriente de aire y entran en contacto con la fibra cuando están lo suficientemente cerca de ella. Influye el tamaño de la fibra. Flujo de Aire Partícula Flujo de Aire Fibra Some Partículas just pass close enough to the Fibra that they attached and held by van der Waal’s forces. These are same charges that allow you to rub a balloon against your hair and stick it to a wall. These are weak electrical charges from the Partícula and caused by the air moving across the Fibras of the filter. Partículas cling to the Fibra with van der Waal’s forces until another force that is stronger dislodges them. This can be shown when you next change your filter and knock it against the floor. Hundreds of Partículas will fall to the floor. The same is true if the Partícula is overcome by drag forces of the Flujo de Aire. Flujo de Aire ©National Air Filtration Association 5

Difusión Fibra Flujo de Aire Las partículas pequeñas se mueven aleatoriamente a través del flujo de aire entrando en contacto con las fibras por el movimiento Browniano Óptimo a bajo flujo de aire. Flujo de Aire Fibra Flujo de Aire Partícula Smaller Partículas moving at slower speeds are captured because they are literally pushed against the Fibra by gas molecules in the air. This mechanism is known as Brownian Movement and you may have seen this as you looked through a microscope in high school biology – the “vibration like” movement of small objects as they are pushed upon by other forces. Flujo de Aire ©National Air Filtration Association 4

Atracción Electroestática Las partículas son atraídas a la fibra debido a la atracción electroestática (carga) de la fibra, la cual es opuesta a la carga de la partícula. Flujo de Aire - Partícula + Fibra Flujo de Aire This is similar to Interception however this mechanism is wholly dependant on the Partícula having a slightly larger concentration of an opposite charge concentrated at one point in the Partícula that are attracted to the opposite chare of the Fibra. Flujo de Aire ©National Air Filtration Association

Gráfica de los Principios This graph shows the relationship between Diffusion, Interception and Impingement. Diffusion is higher at lower velocities with smaller particles, impingement is higher at higher velocities with larger particles and Interception is fairly constant with velocities and is particle and fiber size dependant. ©National Air Filtration Association

Distribución por Tamaño de Partículas en la Atmósfera Porcentaje de Partícula por Conteo Tamaño de la Partícula (Micrón) 30 micrones Fuente: Guía NAFA para la Filtración del Aire 0.005% 10 micrones 5.0 micrones 0.175% Who knows why the sky is blue? As sunlight comes through space, it hits billions of very small Partícules in our atmosphere. Blue being at the shortest end of the light spectrum, is the only color not eliminated by the Partículas. This diagram describes the distribution of Partículas in the air. Most people think there are many large Partículas in the air but just the opposite is true – our air is 98.5% composed of Partículas under 1 micrometer. 3.0 micrones 0.25% 1.0 micrón 1.07% <1.0 micrón 98.5% ©National Air Filtration Association

Dispersión de Partículas Inhaladas por el Sistema Respiratorio Humano ©National Air Filtration Association

Microscopio electrónico Tamaños Específicos de Contaminantes Microscopio electrónico Microscopio Ojo humano 0.001 µ 0.01 µ 0.1 µ 0.5 µ 1.0 µ 10 µ 100 µ Bacterias Vírus Esporas de planta Humo de Tabaco Grasa / Humo de Cocina Caspa animal Cabello Polvo Here is a chart of specific sizes of contaminants. Mold and fungi spores tend to be large and reproduce by spores somewhat like a dandelion, and can be filtered with most MERV 6 air filters. Bacteria reproduce by cell division and are sized in a broader spectrum and can only be filtered with more efficient filters - MERV 11 and higher. Viruses reproduce by invading and replicating the DNA of a host organism. Viruses are the smallest of these contaminants and cannot survive for long periods of time outside the host. They normally “ride” on dust or droplet nuclei and can only effectively be removed with HEPA filtration. Fertilizante Polvo de insecticida Polvo de carbón ©National Air Filtration Association

Métodos de Prueba de Filtración de Aire ASHRAE 52.1 – 1992 (está siendo retirado) ASHRAE 52.2 - 1999 Di-octil-ftalato (DOP) y Poly-alpha olafins (PAO) This why, early on, the air filter industry in conjunction with the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers(ASHRAE) developed test methods to determine the removal efficiency of a filter. These are all industry standard test methods . In the case of HEPA filters, the military utilized specific methods for nuclear Partícula removal. And UL determined a test for fire rating. The ASHRAE tests are used to compare the performance of one filter to another, not to show real-life performance. Even though there is a newer ASHRAE test in practice – 52.2 – ASHRAE Standard 52.1 is still used for lower efficiency air filters. ©National Air Filtration Association 8

ASHRAE 52.1 Un examen destructivo para medir la eficiencia promedio, caída de presión y la capacidad de retención polvo en filtros de baja, mediana y alta eficiencia – hasta 95%. El aerosol para la prueba es el polvo estándar sintético ASHRAE: Polvo del desierto de Arizona clasificado por tamaño. Hilachas de algodón. Carbón negro. ASHRAE 52.1 test is based on the removal of large Partículas through the use of a synthetic test dust that is made from 3 components. In the early days of car testing in Detroit, testing was limited by the winter months so they endeavored to find a place where cars could be tested year round. Arizona was selected, however the dust on the track quickly ruined the engines and they had to produce a better air filter to keep the dust out of the engine. This is why, even to today, the small Partículas of Arizona road dust are part of the synthetic test dust used to load an air filter. This along with two other components – carbon black with even smaller Partículas and cotton linters of larger size are put in a blender and combined to produce ASHRAE Test Dust. ©National Air Filtration Association

ASHRAE 52.1 Resistencia Inicial Capacidad de Retención de Polvo Presión requerida para mover el aire a través del filtro a un cierto flujo de aire. Medido y reportado en pulgadas de columna de agua, pascales o milímetros de agua. Capacidad de Retención de Polvo Cantidad de polvo que un filtro captura al final de la prueba. Medido en gramos. 52.1 measures the following parameters; the initial resistance to the flow of air ©National Air Filtration Association

ASHRAE 52.1 Arrestancia – Utiliza Polvo de Prueba ASHRAE. Porcentaje de polvo expresado en peso que retiene un filtro. Si el filtro retiene 60 gramos de 100 que se alimentaron, la arrestancia es del 60%. (7.7 µm) Eficiencia- Utiliza Aire del Exterior. Porcentaje de polvo retenido con capacidad de manchar. Utiliza la opacidad de la luz en un papel filtro HEPA. The Arrestance test is done on the filter in four equal segments, loading the filter with approximately 25% each time to simulate dust loading over time in service. Also, the filter becomes more efficient as it loads so this shows the effects of increase Partícula capture with loading. The Efficiency test is completed using outdoor air (with its smaller Partículas) in between each of the dust loadings steps. The Efficiency test is done using smaller HEPA-paper targets upstream and downstream of the test filter and then comparing the quantity of light that can be seen before and after the test. ©National Air Filtration Association

ASHRAE 52.2 Prueba destructiva para medir la eficiencia mínima (MERV). El aerosol para la prueba de eficiencia es cloruro de potasio (KCl), 0.3 a 10 micrones. El polvo ASHRAE se utiliza para alcanzar la caída de presión deseada. Because the 52.1 test did not measure the size of the Partícula – just the amount –an ASHRAE Committee was formed and a research project was done to develop a method to show removal by a filter based on Partícula size. A new challenge aerosol had to be found because outdoor air does not have consistent Partícula size distribution nor quantity. Potassium choride was found to be the best and easiest aerosol for this purpose. Also, the Committee wanted to know the minimum efficiency of the filter, in other words, in its clean configuration, since it would only become more efficient from this number.. And this number, called a Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV). would be more like the European one-number system. Emphasize 52.2 written in code language…this is different than 52.1 which was not (code means enforceable in building code…as in “you shall” as opposed to “you should”) ©National Air Filtration Association

ASHRAE 52.2 Resistencia Inicial Resistencia Final Presión requerida para mover aire a través del filtro a un cierto flujo, medido y reportado en pulgadas de columna de agua, pascales o milímetros de agua. Resistencia Final Presión en la cual el filtro puede ser considerado totalmente saturado. Both initial and final resistance levels were set by the Committee, solving one weakness of the 52.1 Standard. Also, the information is written in both inches of water and pascals to link it to European nomenclature. ©National Air Filtration Association

ASHRAE 52.2 Configuración de Ducto para Prueba Filtros de Salida Tobera ASME Mezcladora Posterior Salida Aire Interior Filtros de Entrada Contador de Partículas Generador de Aerosol Even a new style of test device was developed to help shorten the distance for the Partícula counter lines. The 52.2 test duct begins by taking laboratory room air that is conditioned to ASHRAE Standard 55 (temp & relative humidity parameters) and using a HEPA filter, removes all Partículas. Potassium chloride is then injected upstream of the first optical Partícula counter (OPC) sample point and upstream of the filter under test. The Partícula counter determines the number and size of Partículas in the challenge stream. These then pass through the filter under test and, if not captured, pass around to the second Partícula counter sample point downstream. The air is then HEPA filtered to remove all remaining Partículas and recirculated to the laboratory. By this method, we know exactly how many of what size Partículas are captured by the filter under test. The dust loading is done exactly as in 52.1 and an efficiency test is run between each loading. The final efficiency numbers are used to determine the MERV value. Mezcladora Previa Sección de Dispositivo Ventilador Válvula de Control de Flujo Filtro de Respaldo (Usado para acumular polvo) ©National Air Filtration Association

Saturación Típico 52.2 Hoja de Resultados de Prueba Rango tamaño (micrones) Eficiencia fraccional (%) @ P (“W.G.) Mínimos compuestos Promedio compuestos 0.28 0.32 0.46 0.64 0.82 1.00 0.3 to 0.4 2.7 6.7 17.2 29.4 37.1 37.9 E1 = 9.8 0.4 to 0.55 7.8 15.9 27.7 43.3 53.2 54.6 0.55 to 0.7 11.2 30.2 46.0 60.7 70.5 71.6 0.7 to 1.0 17.6 42.6 59.3 73.7 81.3 81.8 1.0 to 1.3 20.4 51.6 70.3 80.8 83.7 85.2 E2 = 27.2 1.3 to 1.6 23.9 58.2 76.5 84.7 86.1 87.2 1.6 to 2.2 28.3 69.6 84.1 89.1 90.2 91.0 2.2 to 3.0 36.3 83.9 91.9 94.2 94.4 93.2 3.0 to 4.0 39.4 89.4 93.7 95.8 96.4 94.9 E3 = 44.8 4.0 to 5.5 42.8 90.6 95.3 96.5 97.9 95.6 5.5 to 7.0 46.5 92.3 97.1 98.0 98.4 7.0 to 10.0 50.4 94.8 97.5 98.3 100 99.2 After all of the testing and dust loading to final resistance, this is the data produced. Here you see the composite minimum of a MERV 6 filter. Valor Mínimo Reportado de Eficiencia: MERV 6 @ 492 PPM ©National Air Filtration Association

Curva Mínima Compuesta ©National Air Filtration Association

Parámetros MERV Tabla 7.2.1 ©National Air Filtration Association Est. 52.2 Valor Mínimo Reportado de Eficiencia (MERV) Eficiencia compuesta promedio por tamaño de partículas, % Rango de Tamaño, mm Est. 52.1, %, Arestancia Promedio Resistencia Mínima Final 0.3 a 1.0 E1 1.0 a 3.0 E2 3.0 a 10 E3 Pa Pulg. en Col de Agua 1 n/a E3 < 20 Aavg < 65 75 0.3 2 65 ≤ Aavg < 70 3 70 ≤ Aavg < 75 4 75 ≤ Aavg 5 20 ≤ E3 < 35 150 0.6 6 35 ≤ E3 < 50 7 50 ≤ E3 < 70 8 70 ≤ E3 < 85 9 E2 < 50 E3 ≥ 85 250 1.0 10 50 ≤ E2 < 65 11 65 ≤ E2 < 80 12 E2 ≥ 80 E3 ≥ 90 13 E1 < 75 E2 ≥ 90 350 1.4 14 75 ≤ E1 < 85 15 85 ≤ E1 < 95 16 E1 ≥ 95 This chart is used to determine the MERV number. By working backward from the 3.0 to 10 micrometer removal efficiency, one completes the numbers until there is no removal above the stated number in the next column to the left– then across to the MERV number. ©National Air Filtration Association

Parámetros MERV Tabla 7.2.1 E1 = 9.8% E2 = 27.2% E3 = 44.8% MERV 6 Est. 52.2 Valor Mínimo Reportado de Eficiencia (MERV) Eficiencia compuesta promedio por tamaño de partículas, % Rango de Tamaño, mm Est. 52.1, %, Arestancia Promedio Resistencia Mínima Final 0.3 a 1.0 E1 1.0 a 3.0 E2 3.0 a 10 E3 Pa Pulg. en Col de Agua 1 n/a E3 < 20 Aavg < 65 75 0.3 2 65 ≤ Aavg < 70 3 70 ≤ Aavg < 75 4 75 ≤ Aavg 5 20 ≤ E3 < 35 150 0.6 6 35 ≤ E3 < 50 7 50 ≤ E3 < 70 8 70 ≤ E3 < 85 9 E2 < 50 E3 ≥ 85 250 1.0 10 50 ≤ E2 < 65 11 65 ≤ E2 < 80 12 E2 ≥ 80 E3 ≥ 90 13 E1 < 75 E2 ≥ 90 350 1.4 14 75 ≤ E1 < 85 15 85 ≤ E1 < 95 16 E1 ≥ 95 E1 = 9.8% E2 = 27.2% E3 = 44.8% MERV 6 ©National Air Filtration Association

Curva Típica de Eficiencia ASHRAE 52.2 Valor Mínimo Reportado de Eficiencia (MERV) Eficiencia por tamaño de partícula reportada con un número – 1 al 16. Let’s see what some 52.2 minimum efficiency values look like when compared to the average efficiency of 52.1. A 95% filter removes about 70% of 0.3 Partículas up to 100% around 2 micrometers. This is what the 85% looks like, the 65% and the 25%. This last filter may be the only filter in a system or may be used as a prefilter to the higher efficiency filters. In summary, you now have a tool to use that allows for removal of specific numbers of Partículas at a known size. This is useful not only in manufacturing facilities where a known size Partícula can destroy a product, but also in the medical field where we know the size or dose of an infectious Partícula and can remove it. Curva Típica de Eficiencia ©National Air Filtration Association

Filtros para partículas –MERV 1-16 ASHRAE 52.2 Valor Mínimo Reportado de Eficiencia– con gráficas mostrando la eficiencia de eliminación. ©National Air Filtration Association

Prueba para filtros HEPA/ULPA Prueba no-destructiva de penetración. Utiliza di-octil-ftalato (DOP) como aerosol o poly-alpha-olafins, aerolisado a 0.3 micrones Un instrumento mide la intensidad total de luz dispersa por un aerosol tanto de entrada como de salida. Eficiencia fraccional medida por un contador de partículas láser– Esferas látex poliestireno (PSL) HEPA filters may be tested to ASHRAE 52.2 Standard (MERV 17-20) however the DOP test has become the standard used for them. This test challenges with DOP or PAO which is aerosolized to a single size 0.3 micormeter Partícula. Downstream penetration readings determine efficiency of a HEPA. Minimum efficiency of a filter that can be called at HEPA is 99.97% retention of 0.3 micrometer Partículas. HEPA filters can have efficiencies of 99.999% and are called ULPA or 99.9999% called SULPA – Ultra Low Penetration Air and Super Ultra Low Penetration Air Filters. ©National Air Filtration Association 12

UL-900 Prueba destructiva para medir la cantidad de humo y llama que emite un filtro cuando es expuesto a fuego o aire caliente. Clase 1: emiten cantidades insignificantes de humo y llamas Clase 2: se permite humo y llamas y se queman moderadamente. UL audita al fabricante. Sólo aplica a filtros limpios. Class 2 is usually good enough for most HVAC applications Only specify when necessary since it does limit the manufacturer to only the materials that have been qualified. Listing only applies to filters in their clean configuration. ©National Air Filtration Association 37

Métodos para la Eliminación de Contaminantes Moleculares Físico - Adsorción Carbón Activado Químico - Quimioadsorción Media impregnada con permanganato de potasio Carbón activado tratado químicamente Because gas molecules are extremely small – much smaller than Partículas – ranging from 0.01 and below, they must be captured by a different method than particulate filters. Removal of gas-phase odor molecules is done by the mechanisms of Adsorption and Chemisorption. ©National Air Filtration Association

Métodos de Eliminación Adsorción - El proceso por medio del cual un gas o substancia se atrae y adhiere a una superficie sólida. Es un fénomeno de superficie. La capacidad adsorbente es independiente del tamaño de la partícula. La velocidad de adsorción es proporcionalmente inversa al tamaño del adsorbente. The analogy of a sponge soaking up water best describes the process of adsorption (not to be confused with absorption) where the sponge is the same, the water is the same, and the water can be removed from the adsorbent. The activated carbon Partícula is covered with thousands of holes that are measured in Angstrom Units (10-9). Gas molecules are drawn into these holes and condense and are held until another force acts upon it – usually heat used to liberate the gas and reactivate the carbon. ©National Air Filtration Association

Filtración molecular ©National Air Filtration Association Now let’s look at chemical and biological odors and other gaseous contaminants and how they can be filtered from the airstream. ©National Air Filtration Association

Métodos de Eliminación Quimioadsorción - Es el resultado de reacciones químicas sobre y dentro de la superficie adsorbente. Es selectivo y depende de la naturaleza química del adsorbente y el adsorbato. Irreversible y esencialmente instantáneo. Chemisorption is as its name implies, a chemical reaction of a gas molecule with a chemically treated carbon Partícula or a chemical that has been applied to a substance such as potassium permanganate on activated alumina. The chemisorbent usually converts the gas molecule into carbon dioxide and water vapor. Think of cream added to coffee as once done, it is basically irreversible. ©National Air Filtration Association

Nuevo Estándar ASHRAE Estándar 145P ASHRAE está desarrollando un estándar para contaminantes gaseosos. El estándar 62 incluye recomendaciones para la eliminación de contaminantes de partículas y moleculares There is a new ASHRAE standard under development because ASHRAE Standard 62 includes removal criteria for gaseous contaminants. ©National Air Filtration Association

Fuentes de Contaminantes Aire Exterior – muchos para mencionar. Ozono, Monóxido de Carbono, Dióxido de Nitrogeno, Dióxido de Azufre, Escape de Vehículos Ozono, Monóxido de Carbono, Dióxido de Nitrógeno, Dióxido de Azufre, Equipo de Oficina – Compuestos Volátiles Orgánicos, carbón, formaldehído, amonia, ozono... Seres Humanos Slide is self explanatory ©National Air Filtration Association

Fuentes de Contaminantes Materiales de Construcción y Mobiliario Compuestos Volátiles Orgánicos, formaldehído Limpiadores Compuestos Volátiles Orgánicos Humo del Cigarro Cientos de contaminantes Slide is self explanatory ©National Air Filtration Association

Resúmen Las partículas son capturadas por Colado, Impacto, Intercepción, Difusión y Atracción Electroestática. El estándar ASHRAE 52.2 es una prueba fraccional de eficiencia. El MERV y las tablas compuestas proveen eficiencias de remoción por tamaño de partícula. Los contaminantes gaseosos son eliminados por medio de carbón activado y/o permanganato de potasio, entre otros. In summary, Partículas are captured by several different mechanisms and tested using ASHRAE Standard 52. Gaseous contaminants are much smaller and are captured with activated carbon or chemically treated carbon or potassium permanganate. ©National Air Filtration Association

Aplicaciones de Filtración Cuartos Limpios Edificios Comerciales Industrial / Automotríz / Aviación Residencial Escuelas Procesos Industriales Hospitales y Salud Modelo de Costo de Ciclo de Vida Of course, each type of business has specific and unique needs for Partícula and gas-phase filtration. So how do you know what is the best filter to use for an application? ©National Air Filtration Association

National Air Filtration Association (NAFA) La misión de NAFA es educar y proveer programas de certificación para sus miembros y usuarios finales; Proveer foros para el intercambo de información acerca de estándares técnicos, regulaciones gubernamentales e información de productos; Educar a los consumidores acerca de la importancia de la filtración del aire y las certificaciones de NAFA; certificar productos de filtración del aire; crear estándares de ejecución para productos. The National Air Filtration Association (NAFA) was formed to provide information and education to its members and the general public. Each year NAFA helps engineers, building owners and facility managers to specify the best filters for their application. ©National Air Filtration Association

NAFA Especialista Certificado en Filtros de Aire por NAFA - CAFS Técnico Certificado por NAFA - NCT Productos Certificados por NAFA And NAFA continues to educate its own member by providing certification programs, technical seminars and national conferences to educate and inform their members. As with any profession, there are many people claiming to understand filtration. Being a NAFA CAFS or NCT assures you the user that this individual has studied and passed a national examination relative to the field of air filtration and knows and understands how to effectively provide your clean air needs. In addition, NAFA now has a certification program for member products that assures the user that advertised information about product effectiveness and efficiency are backed with scientific testing. ©National Air Filtration Association

NAFA ¿Cómo podemos ayudarle? Mas de 200 distribuidores y fabricantes en filtración del aire. Estados Unidos y 14 paises extranjeros. Dirección de Internet – www.nafahq.org ©National Air Filtration Association