Tecnologías de la Comunicación y Sociedad Sesión 2 Tema Tecnología, Comunicación y Sociedad. Presenta: Lic. Fernando Gutiérrez C. MATI, MCE Departamento de Comunicación Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Estado de México

21st-Century Skills "We are living in a new economy-powered by technology, fueled by information, and driven by knowledge. The influence of technology will go beyond new equipment and faster communications, as work and skills will be redefined and reorganized." —U.S. Department of Labor, 1999, Futurework—Trends and Challenges for Work in the 21st Century "When you plug something into a wall, someone is getting plugged into you. Which means you need new patterns of defense, perception, understanding, evaluation. You need a new kind of education." —Neil Postman, 1969, Teaching as a Subversive Activity

21st-Century Skills To prepare students to thrive in a digital economy they will need Digital-Age proficiencies. It is important for the educational system to make parallel changes in order to fulfill its mission in society. The educational system needs to understand and embrace the following 21st-century skills within the context of rigorous academic standards. Digital-Age Literacy—Today's Basics Basic, Scientific, and Technological Literacies Basic Literacy: Language proficiency (reading, writing, listening, and speaking) using conventional and technology-based media (Education Development Center, 2001) Scientific Literacy: Knowledge of science, scientific thinking, mathematics, and the relationships between science, mathematics, and technology (Nelson, 1999) Technological Literacy: Competence in the use of computers, networks, and applications

21st-Century Skills Visual and Information Literacies Visual Literacy: The ability to decipher, interpret, and express ideas using images, graphics, icons, charts, graphs, and video Information Literacy: The competence to find, evaluate, and make use of information appropriately Cultural Literacy and Global Awareness Cultural Literacy: A recognition and appreciation of the diversity of peoples and cultures. Global Awareness: The understanding and recognition of the interrelationships among nation states, multinational corporations, and peoples across the globe

21st-Century Skills "To be prepared for a future characterized by change, students must learn to think rationally and creatively, solve problems, manage and retrieve information, and communicate effectively. By mastering information problem-solving skills, students will be ready for an information-based society and a technological workplace." —American Association of School Librarians, 2000, Information Literacy: A Position Paper Adaptability/Ability to Manage Complexity Curiosity, Creativity, and Risk-taking Curiosity: Employing the "desire to know" as fuel for lifelong learning Creativity: Using the imagination to develop new and original things Risk Taking: The willingness to place something valued in a position or situation where it could be exposed to damage or loss Higher-Order Thinking and Sound Reasoning Higher-Order Thinking: The process of creative problem solving that leads to sound, informed, thoughtful opinions, judgments, and conclusions.

21st-Century Skills Sound Reasoning: The capacity to think logically in order to find results or draw conclusions. Effective Communication—Social and Personal Skills Teaming, Collaboration, and Interpersonal Skills Teaming: The ability to cooperate as a member of a highly successful group Collaboration and Interpersonal Skills: The ability to interact smoothly with others and to work together with one or more people to achieve a goal Personal and Social Responsibility Personal Responsibility: Individual accountability for ethical, legal actions related to the use of technology and technology-related products Social Responsibility: Individual and collective responsibility for managing the use of technology for the public good

21st-Century Skills High Productivity—Quality, State-of-the-Art Results Ability to Prioritize, Plan, and Manage for Results Effective Use of Real-World Tools ... "use digital tools to help customers solve problems for themselves." ... three types of knowledge important to today's economy: know-what, know-how, and know-who... while everyone now has access to the know-what, "what really matters most in the new economy is know-how and know-who."

The medium, or process, of our time -- electric technology -- is reshaping and restructuring patterns of social interdependence and every aspect of our personal life. It is forcing us to reconsider and reevaluate practically every thought, every action, and every institution formerly taken for granted. Everything is changing --you, your family, your education, your neighborhood, your job, your government, your relation to `the others.' And they are changing dramatically. Marshall McLuhan, citado en Road Warriors de Daniel Burnstein y David Kline, (New York: Dutton, 1995), 9.

El pensamiento anterior de Marshall McLuhan surge como consecuencia de los drásticos cambios observados en el tránsito de la era impresa a la era eléctrica. (principalmente por el impacto de la televisión) Sin embargo la idea del determinismo tecnológico puede aplicarse a cualquier etapa histórica en la evolución del hombre. El tránsito de una era a otra (oral, escrita, eléctrica y digital) siempre ha tenido consecuencias positivas y negativas. Actualmente somos testigos de la decadencia de los medios convencionales de comunicación centralizados, principalmente representados por la radio y televisión, y del surgimiento de un nuevo medio descentralizado notable por su carácter integrador y participativo.

Las tecnologías siempre reconfigurarán un nuevo ambiente. Ej. Rueda- Camino… Internet- Comercio Electrónico Bajo la óptica de McLuhan, quizá se pueda pensar en Internet como el único medio masivo, conocido, de comunicación que surgió de las personas y no fue legado de una estructura vertical. Internet cambió el rol de la audiencia impulsando su participación en los procesos de comunicación. En este escenario, el público transita de la pasividad, propiciada por los medios convencionales de comunicación, a la actividad. En el modelo simple de comunicación, le brinda la opción al receptor de convertirse también en emisor con alcance masivo.

Hacia una definición del concepto: “Tecnologías” Las tecnologías involucran el desarrollo sistemático de técnicas mediante las cuales el hombre busca cambiar o manipular su entorno.” Las técnicas son métodos que permiten la creación de nuevas herramientas y favorecen la capacidad de construcción. Ej. La técnica del lenguaje involucra la manipulación de sonidos y símbolos para crear significado. Las tecnologías exitosas deben cumplir con tres condiciones: La satisfacción de necesidades sociales La nutrición de recursos existentes (materiales, habilidades...) La disposición social (aceptación)

La comunicación La comunicación es un proceso de intercambio de significados entre uno o más individuos que comparten un sistema común de símbolos. (Aplicación Social) Los modelos de comunicación: líneales y geométricos. Lineales: Shanon y Weaver Elementos: 1. Fuentes de información 2. Emisor 3. Canal de transmisión 4. Receptor 5. Destino Geométricos: Newcomb:

Retos de la Comunicación: Entropía y Redundancia La entropía disminuye la integridad del proceso de comunicación como consecuencia de distorsiones en alguno de sus elementos. La redundancia, o repetición de elementos dentro de un mensaje que asegura la integridad del proceso comunicativo, es el mejor antídoto contra la entropía. Retroalimentación  Entropía y Redundancia