Conjugation - Basics Conjugation is when you change the ending of an infinitive to reflect who is doing the action. Infinitives are the basic verb. In Spanish, they end in –ar, -er, or –ir. In English, they are translated as “to …”. For example, hablar means to speak. The verb chart is the basic configuration of endings in a chart. Singular Plural 1st person yo (I) nosotros (we) familiar (2nd person) tú (you) formal (3rd person) Ud. (you) él (he) ella (she) Uds. (you all) ellos (them) ellas (them, all fem.) How to conjugate in the present, preterite and imperfect: Take the –ar, -er, -ir off of the infinitive. Add the appropriate ending based on who’s doing the action.

Conjugation – Present tense endings Singular Plural 1st person yo (I) nosotros (we) familiar (2nd person) tú (you) formal (3rd person) Ud. (you) él (he) ella (she) Uds. (you all) ellos (them) ellas (them, all fem.) -ar o amos as a an -er o emos es e en -ir o imos es e en Hablar = to talk Hablo = I talk Comer = to eat Comemos = we eat Vivir = to live Viven = they live

Conjugation – Present Irregulars -go Tener* – tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tienen Venir* – vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, vienen Salir – salgo, sales, sale, salimos, salen Hacer – hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacen Decir* - digo, dices, dice, decimos, dicen Poner – pongo, pones, pone, ponemos, ponen Seguir – sigo, sigues, sigue, seguimos, siguen Traer – traigo, traes, trae, traemos, traen Caer – caigo, caes, cae, caemos, caen -oy Dar – doy, das, da, damos, dan Ir – voy, vas, va, vamos, van Ser – soy, eres, es, somos, son Estar – estoy, estás, está, estamos, están -zco Conocer - conozco Conducir - conduzco Complete irregulars ver – veo, ves, ve, vemos, ven saber – sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, saben

Conjugation – Present stem-changers o>ue almorzar colgar costar volver encontrar morir probar e>ie cerrar comenzar empezar entender hervir The last vowel before the ending is the vowel that changes. We call stem-changers “boot verbs.” They do not stem-change in the nosotros form. mentir pensar perder preferir tener venir e>i servir pedir repetir seguir decir

Conjugation – Preterite endings Preterite: Use the preterite to talk about a past action that occurred at a fixed point in time, a specific number of times, or during an enclosed amount of time. Regulars -ar é amos aste ó aron -er / -ir í imos iste ió ieron Irregulars andar: anduv- estar: estuv- tener: tuv- poder:pud- poner: pus- saber: sup- all i-stem and u-stem verbs have these endings: e imos iste o ieron hacer: hic- querer: quis- venir: vin- i-stem u-stem

Conjugation – Preterite irregulars, cont. j-stem all j-stem verbs have these endings: e imos iste o eron traer: traj- decir: dij- all verbs ending –ucir: (ex: producir: produj-) Complete irregulars ser / ir fui fuimos fuiste fue fueron ver vi vimos viste vio vieron dar di dimos diste dio dieron

Conjugation – Preterite irregulars, cont. -car, -gar, -zar verbs: When a verb ends in –car, -gar, or –zar, there is a spelling change in the preterite yo form. c>qu tocar toqué, tocaste, tocó, tocamos, tocaron g>gu llegar llegué, llegaste, llegó, llegamos, llegaron z>c almorzar almorcé, almorzaste, almorzó, almorzamos, almorzaron i>y spelling change: When a –er/-ir verb stem ends in a vowel, there is a spelling change in the preterite 3rd person forms, you also add accents to the tú and nosotros form. caer caí, caíste, cayó, caímos, cayeron creer creí, creíste, creyó, creímos, creyeron stem-changers If an -ir verb stem changes in the present, it also stem changes in the preterite 3rd person forms. The only types of stem-changers are e>i or o>u. pedir pedí, pediste, pidió, pedimos, pidieron servir serví, serviste, sirvió, servimos, sirvieron

Conjugation – Imperfect endings Imperfect: Use the imperfect to talk about a past action that took place repeatedly, over an extended period of time, description, clock time, date, etc. Regulars -ar aba ábamos abas aban -er / -ir ía íamos ías ían Irregulars ser era éramos eras eran ver veía veíamos veías veían ir iba íbamos ibas iban