Reported speech

El estilo indirecto (reported speech) se usa para contar lo que alguien ha dicho sin citar exactamente sus palabras. Podemos contar en presente lo que alguien acaba de decir, para lo cual basta Con quitar las comillas y cambiar el pronombre sujeto y la persona del verbo. “ I am tired” He says that he is tired Pero lo normal es que el verbo que introduce la subordinada en estilo indirecto (say o tell, normalmente) vaya en pasado, y entonces el cambio más importante es que el verbo de la subordinada da un salto atrás ( de present simple a Past simple, de éste a past perfect, etc) “I like noodles” He said that he liked noodles

Además de suprimir las comillas y cambiar los tiempos verbales, también es necesario que hagamos algunos cambios en los pronombres y en las expresiones de tiempo y de lugar. La oración subordinada va introducida por “ that” , aunque en inglés hablado se suele omitir. Cuando la frase enuncia una verdad general no hay cambio en los tiempos verbales. “Crime is punished by the law”, she said She said that crime is punished by the law

Cambios en los tiempos verbales Tense Direct Speech Indirect Speech Present simple “He works as an editor” Past simple He said that he worked as an editor Present continuous “He is working as an editor” Past continuous He said that he was working as an editor “He worked as an editor” Past perfect He said that he had worked as an editor “He was working as an editor” Past perfect continuous He said that he had been working as an editor Present perfect simple “He has worked as an editor” Present perfect continuous “He has been working as an editor” simple “He had worked as an editor” “He had been working as an editor” Future simple “He will work as an editor” Would + infin. He said that he would work as an editor

Cambios en otras palabras Cambios en los modales Can May Must / have to Will Could Might Must / had to Would Cambios en otras palabras Now Then Today That day Tonight That night Yesterday The previous day / the day before Last week The previous week / the week before A month ago The previous month / the month before Tomorrow The following day / the next day / the day after Next week The following week / the week after Here There This That These Those

Reported questions Hay dos tipos de preguntas: LAS YES / NO QUESTIONS son las que se contestan con un “si” o un “no”. para ponerlas en estilo indirecto utilizamos el verbo ask, y a continuación if o whether. Entonces la pregunta deja de serlo y se convierte en una frase afirmativa, ya no hay inversión sujeto-verbo(A+S+V), ni signo de interrogación, ni comillas. “Did you speak to John last night?” She asked She asked if / whether I had spoken to John last night aux suj verb

LAS WH-QUESTIONS son las que empiezan por una palabra interrogativa (Wh- word) Al pasarlas al estilo indirecto ponemos dicha palabra (wh-) y luego el sujeto + verbo. ►Who told you that story? She asked She asked who had told us that story ► Where did you go last summer? He asked me He asked me where I had gone the previous summer Who are you writing to? She asked She asked who I was writing to Sujeto → no aux suj suj

Reported orders Para poner una orden en estilo indirecto cambiamos el imperativo por un infinitivo con to. Pero antes del infinitivo debemos poner un verbo que exprese mandato, como Tell u order , seguido del complemento indirecto. Hay otros verbos que siguen esta estructura aunque no expresen orden. Ask o beg para peticiones. Warn para advertir a alguien de algo. Advise para dar consejo Invite para hacer una invitación. “Stop driving so fast”. My mother ordered me to stop driving so fast. Si la oración es negativa , ponemos not delante de to. “Don´t tell anybody” He begged me not to tell anybody

Reported suggestions Primero ponemos el sujeto y el verbo suggest en pasado y después lo que se sugirió. Las sugerencias se pueden pasar a estilo indirecto de dos formas: usando una oración introducida por that, con su sujeto y el verbo en la forma base. (El verbo demand, que expresa mandato, también sigue esta estructura) “Let´s watch the news” Tom suggested Tom suggested that we watch the news Usando el gerundio, sin especificar ningún sujeto. “ Let´s phone the police inmediately” He suggested phoning the police inmediately

+ ? Reported verbs SÚPLICAS Y RUEGOS Sugerencias Órdenes,peticiones Complain Declare Deny Explain Inform Insist + Admit Agree Answer Apologise Boast (presumir, alardear) Claim Mention Offer Promise Refuse Remind Reply ? Enquire Request Want to know Wonder SÚPLICAS Y RUEGOS Órdenes,peticiones Invitations,offers, advice Shout Warn Offer Invite Beg Verb+(object)+(preposition)+gerund Demand, Remind, Order, Suggest Admit Apologize(for) Blame (s.o for) Complain about Confess to Insist on Object to Sugerencias Suggest Recommend

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1.“My parents are reading the paper.” Mike said his parents ……………………… (read) the paper. 2.“David will arrive soon.” Bill mentioned that David ……………………… (arrive) soon. 3.“John forgot my birthday!” Tessa complained that John ……………………… (forget) her birthday. 4.”I’m not waiting for you.” Simon said that he ……………………… (wait) for us. 5.“Were you speaking to the publisher?” He wanted to know if I ……………………… (speak) to the publisher. 6. “Barbara can meet us later.” She mentioned that Barbara ……………………… (meet) us later. were reading would arrive had forgotten wasn’t waiting had been speaking could meet