Present Tense Mrs. Pacheco Spanish I-IV

Vocabulario

En la Escuela La biblioteca La cafetería La cancha La clase de Química El auditorio La piscina El estadio La oficina El gimnacio

Grammar: Regular Present Tense Verbs Verbs—to talk about things you do, you use the present tense. To form the present tense of a regular verb, drop the – ar, -er, or, –ir and add the appropiate ending. Regular Verbs: -ar  Hablar > hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, habláis, hablan -er  Comer > como, comes, come, comemos, coméis, comen -ir  Vivir > vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivís, viven.

-ar VerboObjetivo indirecto Presente BailarYoBailo BailarTúBailas BailarUstedBaila BailarÉlBaila BailarEllaBaila BailarNosotrosBailamos BailarVosotrosBailáis BailarUstedesBailan BailarEllos/EllasBailan

-er VerboObjetivo indirecto Presente pretenderYopretendo pretenderTúpretendes pretenderUstedpretende pretenderÉlpretende pretenderEllapretende pretenderNosotrospretendemos pretenderVosotrospretendéis pretenderUstedespretenden pretenderEllos/Ellaspretenden

-ir VerboObjetivo indirecto Presente InsistirYoinsisto InsistirTúinsistes InsistirUstedinsiste InsistirÉlinsiste InsistirEllainsiste InsistirNosotrosinsistimos InsistirVosotrosinsistís InsistirUstedesinsisten InsistirEllos/Ellasinsisten

Reminders: 1.Most present tense verb forms have several equivalents in English. For example, the form hablo may be translated in numerous ways:  I speak (customary action)  I am speaking (action in progress)  I do speak (emphatic form)  I will speak (near future action)  do I speak (interrogative form)  I have been speaking (action started in the past but still in progrerss)

Reminders 2.The subject pronouns that accompany these verbs are: SingularPlural YoINosotros(as)we TúYouVosotros(as)You (familiar, Spain) ustedYou (formal)UstedesYou (all) ÉlheEllosThey (male) EllasheEllasThey (female)

Cont. 3.The formal second-person forms (usted and ustedes) take third-person forms of a verb: Ustedes hablan bien. You (plural) speak very well. Usted es norteamericana, no? You (sing.) are an American, right?

Irregular Verbs Division of syllables Diphthongs Stressed syllables Accentuation

Present Indicative of Verbs -Stem changing verbs These verbs are also referred to as “radical changing verbs”; the word radical in Spanish means “stem” or “root”. The stem vowel undergoes a change when it is stressed in the present tense. [These verbs do not so change in any other tense —except for -ir verbs, which experience a stem change in the -ndo form, in the present subjunctive and in the preterit.]

1. o > ue (the stem vowel o changes to ue when stressed) Acostar (put to bed) acuesto, acuestas, acuesta, acostamos, acostáis, acuestan Acostar Volver (return, go back) vuelvo, vuelves, vuelve, volvemos, volvéis, vuelven Volver Dormir (sleep) duermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos, dormís, duermen Dormir Similar verbs: acordarse (remember), almorzar (eat lunch), apostar (bet), contar (count, relate), costar (cost), encontrar (find), llover (rain), morir (die), mover (move), oler (smell), poder (be able), probar (try, prove), recordar (remember), rogar (beg), sonar (sound), soñar (dream), volar (fly).acordarsealmorzarapostarcontarcostarencontrarllovermorir moverolerpoderprobarrecordarrogar sonarsoñarvolar

2. e > ie (the stem vowel e changes to ie when stressed): Empezar (begin) empiezo, empiezas, empieza, empezamos, empezáis, empiezan Empezar Querer (want) quiero, quieres, quiere, queremos, queréis, quieren Querer sentir (feel) siento, sientes, siente, sentimos, sentís, sienten sentir Similar verbs: advertir (notice), atravesar (cross), calentar (heat), cerrar (close), comenzar (begin), convertir (convert), defender (defend), despertar (awaken), divertir (amuse), empezar (begin), gobernar (govern), herir (injure), pensar (think), perder (lose) querer (want), sentir (feel, regret), tropezar (stumble).advertiratravesarcalentarcerrarcomenzarconvertir defenderdespertardivertir empezargobernarherirpensarperderquerersentir tropezar

3. e > i (the stem vowel e changes to i when stressed; -ir verbs only): Pedir (request, ask for) pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden Pedir Similar verbs: competir (compete), conseguir (get), corregir (correct), derretir (melt), despedir (fire, say goodbye), elegir (elect), medir (measure), reír (laugh), servir (serve), seguir (follow, continue), sonreír (smile), repetir (repeat), vestir (dress).competirconseguircorregirderretir despedirelegir medirreírservir seguirsonreír repetirvestir

4. u > ue (the stem vowel u changes to ue when stressed [in the verb jugar only]):jugar Jugar (play [a game or sport]) juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, jugáis, juegan Jugar

Verbs with an irregular first person singular (yo) form c > zc in the yo form:  Conocer (know, be aquainted with [people or places]) conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocéis, conocen. Conocer This is the usual pattern for verbs whose infinitive ends in -cer or -cir: acontecer (happen), agradecer (thank), amanecer (dawn), aparecer (appear), conducir (drive, conduct), crecer (grow), enflaquecerse (get thin), enriquecerse (get rich), envejecerse (get older), establecer (establish), merecer(deserve), nacer (be born), obedecer (obey), ofrecer (offer), padecer (suffer), parecer (seem), permanecer (remain), producir (produce), reducir (reduce), and traducir (translate).aconteceragradeceramaneceraparecerconducircrecerenflaquecerseenriquecerse envejecerseestablecer merecernacerobedecerofrecerpadecerparecerpermanecerproducirreducirtraducir

appearance of g in the yo form: Caer (fall) caigo, caes, cae, caemos, caéis, caen Caer Traer (bring) traigo, traes, trae, traemos, traéis, traen Traer Decir (day, tell)*digo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicen Decir Hacer (do, make) hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacen Hacer Poner put, set) pongo, pones, pone, ponemos, ponéis, ponen Poner Salir (leave, go out) salgo, sales, sale, salimos, salís, salen Salir Tener (have)*tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen Tener Valer (be worth) valgo, vales, vale, valemos, valéis, valen Valer Venir (come)*vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen Venir *These are also stem changing verbs.

Other types of yo form changes: Caber (fit [in something]) quepo, cabes, cabe, cabemos, cabéis, caben Caber Dar (give) doy, das, da, damos, dais, dan Dar Saber (know [facts]) sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben Saber Ver (see) veo, ves, ve, vemos, veis, ven Ver

Verbs which add an accent over a final weak vowel The vowels i and u are “weak vowels” in contrast to the “strong vowels” a, e, and o. When they come in contact with any other vowel they normally form a diphthong; the addition of a written accent keeps this diphthongization from occurring. Such accents are necessary for some verbs because the i and u are the stem vowels:  Continuar continúo, continúas, continúa, continuamos, continuáis, continúan (“I continue, you continue”, etc. Note that the unaccented words continuo and continua, are adjectives meaning “continuous”.) Continuar  Enviar envío, envías, envía, enviamos, enviáis, envían (“I send, you send”, etc.) Enviar Similar verbs: actuar (act), efectuar (bring about), graduar (graduate), confiar (trust), criar (raise, bring up), esquiar (ski), vaciar (empty).actuarefectuargraduarconfiarcriaresquiarvaciar

With most other verbs the i and u are not stem vowels, and thus form diphthongs: Copiar copio, copias, copia, copiamos, copiáis, copiaron (forms of the verb “to copy”; the i is not stressed) Copiar Similar verbs: anunciar (announce), apreciar (appreciate), asociar (associate), cambiar (change), divorciar (divorce), ensuciar (dirty), estudiar (study), iniciar (initiate), limpiar (clean), negociar (negociate), renunciar (renounce).anunciarapreciarasociarcambiar divorciarensuciarestudiariniciarlimpiarnegociarrenunciar

Verbs like huir.huir Verbs whose infinitive ends in -uir (but not -guir) insert a y in present tense endings whenever the ending does not contain the sound “i”, that is, in all forms except for nosotros and vosotros. Huir (flee) huyo, huyes, huye, huimos, huís, huyen Huir Verbs conjugated like huir: construir (construct), contribuir, (contribute), disminuir, (diminish), incluir (include), influir (influence).huirconstruir contribuirdisminuir incluirinfluir

Irregular verbs The following verbs are completely irregular (usually because of the way they evolved from Latin) or display characteristics so rare as to be considered “irregular” for our purposes. Estar (to be) estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están Estar Ser (to be) soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son Ser Ir (go) voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van Ir Oler (smell) huelo, hueles, huele, olemos, oléis, huelen [Oler is a stem changing verb; however, no word can begin with ue in Spanish, so an initial h is added.] Oler

Orthographic changes Some verbs exhibit orthographic or spelling changes to maintain the same pronunciation of the final stem consonant: g > j: Verbs whose infinitive form ends in -gir change the g to j before an a or an o. Dirigir (direct) dirijo, diriges, dirige, dirigimos, dirigís, dirigen Dirigir Elegir (elect) elijo, eliges, elige, elegimos, elegís, eligen [Elegir is also a stem changing verb, where the e changes to i.] Elegir More verbs in this category: corregir (correct), exigir (require), fingir (pretend), and surgir (arise).corregirexigirfingirsurgir

gu > g: Verbs whose infinitive form ends in - guir drop the u before an a or an o. Distinguir (distinguish) distingo, distingues, distingue, distinguimos... Distinguir Other verbs like this include seguir (follow, continue; e>i) and its compounds: conseguir (get, obtain) and perseguir (pursue).seguirconseguirperseguir

-ACCEACCENTUATION- THE RULES OF STRESS 1.Words that end in a vowel, or in the consonants n or s, normally are stressed (accented) on the next to the last syllable.  Ex: ju-lio, a-mi-go, u-no, fe-cha, tra-ba-jo 2.Words that end in a consonant, other than n or s, usually receive the stress on the last syllable.  Ex: ve-nir, ac-triz, le-er, ca-lor, pa-pel, mu-jer 3.Words which are not stressed according to these two rules bear a written accent on the syllable that is stressed in pronunciation.  Ex: fá-cil, a-quí, di-fí-cil, ár-bo-les

Invariable There is one verb which never changes in the present tense. Hay (“there is”, “there are”, from the infinitive haber) has only one form in the present indicative. The same form is used for both singular and plural subjects (or complements):haber  Hay muchos españoles en tu clase?Are there many Spaniards in your class?  No, sólo hay uno.No, there is only one. Note: This carries over to the other tenses as well: it is only used in a singular form, even when used with plural subjects/complements:  Había tres chicas en la esquina.There were three girls on the corner .Hubo dos accidentes aquí ayer.There were 2 accidents here yesterday.

Usage of the present tense Special case: The present tense with hacer in expressions of time. As indicated at the beginning, the present tense is used to indicate an action in progress, and this is true even if the action began in past time but the emphasis is on the present time. This is frequently seen with the hacer + expression of time construction:  Hace un mes que busco una casa nueva.I've been looking for a new house for a month.or:  Busco una casa nueva desde hace un mes. Note that if the hace clause may be used either before or after the main verb; if used afterwards, desde is inserted before hace.

¿Dónde? Completa las oraciones e indica dónde tienen lugar las actividades (regular present tense verbs). 1.Nosotros (comer) el almuerzo en __________. 2.Mis amigos (nadar) en _____________. 3.Tú (leer) literatura en ________________. 4.Yo (hablo) Español en ________________. 5.En la clase de educación física, ustedes (correr) en ____________. 6.Él (tener) que ir a ____________ para registrarse. C/W 4/27/10-4/28/10

¿A dónde van? The verb ir is used when you talk about where someone is going, you use the verb ir, to go. Voy (yo) Vas (tú) Va (él/ella/usted) Vamos (nosotros) Vais (vosotros) Van (ustedes/ellos(as)) ¿A dónde van estas personas en la escuela?  Jorge necesita tomar una prueba de computadoras. Va a la clase de computación. Contesta: 1.Comemos el almuerzo. 2.Buscas información sobre Puerto Rico. 3.Practico deportes en mi próxima clase. 4.Juegan al tenis. 5.Nadamos hoy en la clase de educación física. 6.Tomo una prueba de plantas y animales. C/W-H/W 4/28/10-4/29/10

Review: Reflexive Verbs The subject and the object are the same with reflexive verbs - the subject acts upon itself. A reflexive verb in Spanish will be marked with se attached to the end of the infinitive. These verbs are conjugated like regular verbs, except the reflexive pronoun agrees with case and gender and precedes the verb when not used in the infinitive form. Reciprocal verbs are the same as reflexive except the action passes from one person to another. It can only be used in the first and third person plural forms. Reflexive verbs sometimes use the "-self" forms in English, while the reciprocal verbs use "each other." Reflexive Pronouns me te se nos os se Some common reflexive verbs: acostarse - to go to bed Peinarse – to comb Cepillarse – to brush Lavarse – to wash bañarse - to bathe oneself casarse - to get married despertarse - to wake up irse - to go away levantarse - to rise sentarse - to sit down vestirse - to dress oneself atreverse - to dare quejarse - to complain