RESG Meeting London, April, 2005 Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Oscar Pastor, Alicia Martínez, Hugo Estrada OO-Method Group

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Outline Using i* in a Software Production Enterprise The advantages The detected problems A proposed solution Conclusions   Introduction

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Introduction The OO-Method approach Problem Space Level Automated Translation Solution Space Level Late Requirements Functional Model Uses Conceptual Model Repository Formal Specification Object Model Dynamic Model Presentation Model Navigational Model Persistence Tier (SQL Server, ORACLE) Application Tier (COM+, CORBA) Interface Tier (Visual Environments, Web, XML) Empiricism (ESE) Obtain A Model Driven Case Tool for Automatic Generation of Information Systems Care Technologies, S.A.

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Model Driven Approach Introduction Late Requirements Functional Model Uses Conceptual Model Object Model Dynamic Model Presentation Model Navigational Model Obtain Early Requirements with i* Goal of this work Analyze the use of i* in for representing early requirements in the context of the Model-Driven Code Generation Context of OO- Method.

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Outline Introduction The advantages The detected problems A proposed solution Conclusions   Using i* in a Software Production Enterprise

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Using i* in a Software Production Enterprise Case studies analyzed: Workshops Management (Workshop on Requirements Engineering: WER 02) Golf Tournaments Management (Oliva Nova Golf Club) Car Rental Management (Rent a Car Denia, S.A.). In the analysis of the i* Framework we use some projects of the CARE Technology Enterprise, S.A. as case studies.

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice The strategy to face the case studies 3 CARE Technologies analysts 3 CARE Technologies scholarship holders 2 PhD students Using i* in a Software Production Enterprise Three different groups Experts in OO- Method Modeling. Without knowledge in i* Modeling With knowledge in Requirements Modeling. Without knowledge in i* Modeling With previous knowledge in i* Modeling Interviews with the Clients Represent the semantic of the Enterprise using i* Learning the i* Methodology Results Interviews with the Clients Represent the semantic of the Enterprise using i* Learning the i* Methodology Interviews with the Clients Represent the semantic of the Enterprise using i* Modeling Process No visibility Analysis & Conclusions

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Outline Introduction Using i* in a Software Production Enterprise The detected problems A proposed solution Conclusions   The advantages

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice The advantages … Actor … The bottlenecks Actors that concentrate too many dependencies needed for performing the processes. The type of dependencies Actors that concentrate too many goal dependencies what indicates an actor with a lot of responsibilities. The vulnerabilities Actors that depend on another actors for fulfilling their goals. The i* Modeling was very useful for analyzing the performance of the Enterprise. The i* analysis allowed us to determine: The i* Modeling was a very powerful tool for representing the possibilities for reassigning the work in the Enterprise.

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Outline Introduction Using i* in a Software Production Enterprise The advantages A proposed solution Conclusions   The detected problems

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice The detected problems Repeatability Scalability Encapsulation Understandability Traceability Based in the analysis done with the CARE Technologies Case Studies, we have determined some of the issues associated with the use of the i* Framework in a Model Driven Context.

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Repeatability) The detected problems (Repeatability) In the current state of the i* Framework, could be complicated to decide the modeling primitives to be used for representing a specific semantic. This problem make difficult to assure an appropriated rate of repeatability in the modeling results Repeatability: the capability of the modeling technique to repeat an output when given the same input. Same semantic Analyst 1Analyst 2Analyst 3

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice “Pay the registration of the Tournament” Repeatability) The detected problems (Repeatability) EXAMPLE: Golf Tournament Management (GTO) Case Study CARE Technologies scholarship holders 2 PhD students payment Obtain payment Pay the registration Register Golfers Register in the Tournament GTOGolfer Participate in the Tournament Pay for the register Obtain payment Register Register Golfers Participate in the Tournament GTO Golfer

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Repeatability) The detected problems (Repeatability) Analyst 1Analyst 2 Analyst 3 The repeatability is a important value in a Model-Driven Approach Steps in the scenario of a use case Use case Class en the sequence diagram Analysisphase Designphase Automated Translation

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Scalability The detected problems (Scalability) In the current state of i*could be difficult to analyze large Enterprises, because in this case, there are too many modeling elements in a same model. … Actor … … … … … … Scalability: The capability of the modeling technique to function well as it scales up or down to meet the analysis needs.

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Example: Car Rental Management Case Study Scalability The detected problems (Scalability) This is only a fragment of the process for renting a car. This model can grow up quickly, doing very complicate their analysis.

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Scalability- The detected problems (Scalability- Encapsulation) … … …. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … Organization Process 3 Organizational Process 2 Organizational Process 1 In the current state of i*, we don't have mechanisms for encapsulating modeling primitives. In this way, could be very complicate to determine the fragments of the model that represent each process of the Enterprise Encapsulation: The capability of the modeling technique for providing mechanism to use abstract concepts that represent a set of more concrete concepts. Actor

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Scalability- The detected problems (Scalability- Encapsulation) Reviews send notifications and reviews PcChair Sort Paper Resolve critical cases Send Notifications and Reviews Send notifications and reviews Obtain notification Author Reviewer PcMember To do quality reviews Assign qualifications Assign comments Assign evaluation Send reviews Send reviews Reviews Send reviews To do quality reviews Assign qualifications Assign comments Assign evaluation Send reviews obtain quality reviews Obtain Reviews quality As a consequence of the lack of mechanisms for doing encapsulation, in the same model we have information of very different abstraction levels. It fact make difficult the analysis of the model. Example: Workshop Management Case Study to do quality reviews Notification obtain quality reviews Goal obtain quality reviews Reviews Send reviews Activities related to the Goal

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Scalability- The detected problems (Scalability- Understandability) Understandability: The capability of the Model for being comprehensible for users, no only for its designers. Which elements of the model are related to satisfy each business process? Which elements of the model satisfy each goal of the Enterprise? How can we determine which are the business process represented in the model? Where is the place for starting reading the model?

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice The detected problems Traceability: The capability for following the trace of a modeling element in the different phases of development. The i* provides a lot of modeling flexibility for adding elements in each phase of modeling, however this flexibility could be negative in a Model-Driven approach, where the elements of a model must have a a precise source in a previous model. Actor … … … … ? ? ??

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Outline Introduction Using i* in a Software Production Enterprise The advantages The detected problems Conclusions   The Proposed Solution

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Proposed Solution: Give a partial solution for the detected problems defining extensions for the i* Framework. To do this, we propose e ncapsulate a set of i* modeling elements in more abstract concepts, allowing us to create the i* models in a compositional way. In our proposal, we have defined the Business Service as the key concept for encapsulating the semantic of the enterprise processes. The proposed solution

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Customer The proposed solution: a service-oriented approach for i* Business Services: A Business services is a functionality (business process) that an enterprise expose to customers. Characteristics: Visibility: there is an “interface” to expose certain fragment of the process to potential customers. Request: The Enterprise provides the functionality to the customers for requesting the service. Consumers: The consumer of the service could be organizational actors of Enterprises. service CustomerEnterprise Goal Enterprise

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Business ServicesBusiness processesBusiness objects The functionality that an enterprise expose to customers The internal behavior for satisfying the services The objects manipulated by the service Interface Tier Business Logic Tier Data Tier In this approach, it is possible to represent a Business Model in a Three Tier Architecture: The i* Three Tier Architecture service Enterprise Customer … …. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … Customer Enterprise … … … The proposed solution: a service-oriented approach for i*

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice 1. Creating the Global Model 1. Determine the concern actors in the Enterprise 2. Determining the main goals of the Enterprise 3. Determining the services of the Enterprise Customer Enterprise Customer Enterprise Goal service Customer Goal Customer Goal service The proposed solution: a service-oriented approach for i* The steps for create a Business Service Model

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice 2. Detailing the Business Services Determining the process for starting the service. Determining the transactional processes. Determining the non- transactional processes. Determining the process for finish the service service Goal Enterprise Customer Transaction TT EnterpriseCustomer Start the service Enterprise Customer non transactional Process EnterpriseCustomer finish the service TT Process with transactional properties Business Services Dependency Process without transactional properties The proposed solution: a service-oriented approach for i* The steps for create a Business Service Model

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Outline Introduction Using i* in a Software Production Enterprise The advantages The detected problems A proposed solution   Conclusions

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Conclusions 1. 1.We have explored the use of the i* Framework in the context of a Model-Driven Code Generation Method. To do this, several cases studies have been carried out in the enterprise CARE Technologies, a SpinOff project to put into practice the OO- Method approach The results of the cases studies indicate that the i* modeling is very useful for business performance analysis. The improvements done using i* guarantee the construction of a information system that helps to reorganize the organizational work We have determined that certain issues in the i* framework need to be improved. (Summarizing, the lack of mechanisms for creating a model in a compositional way.

Estudio de la Integración de Sistemas basados en XML, CORBA y otros entornos de conectividad, para su aplicación en sistemas distribuidos y en aplicaciones de comercio electrónico Some Lessons Learned from using i* Modelling in Practice Conclusions 4. 4.In order to give a partial solution for some of the detected problems, we have defined extensions to the modeling primitives of i* The strategy of the proposal consists on using compositional mechanisms to create and represent an Enterprise. To do this, the concept of Business Services has been defined as an extension to the traditional business models The definition of Business Services allows us to define an i* Model in a Three-tier Architecture, using the Business Services dependency for representing the interface, the Business Process for representing the Business Logic and the Business Objects for representing the Data Model of the Enterprise With the proposed Method, it is possible to describe an Enterprise as a composition of models, where each model represents a more detailed view of the Enterprise.