Guaman Poma (1956) El primer Nueva corónica y buen gobierno The eleventh Inka, Huayna Capac Inka (p. 85)
Guaman Poma (1956) El primer Nueva corónica y buen gobierno The Inka's red litter, pillku rampa, used in war (p. 250)
McIntyre, Loren (1975) The Incredible Incas (National Geographic, p. 101) Emperor Huayna Capac journeys through the Andes
Guaman Poma (1956) El primer Nueva corónica y buen gobierno The tenth captain, Challco Chima Inka (p. 117)
View of Quitoloma, looking west
Alchon, Suzanna A. (1991) Native Society and Disease in Colonial Ecuador (p.4) Highland Basins of Ecuador
The Quito Basin
The Paramo of Pambamarca
View of the Pambamarca, from Quito
View of Mt. Cayambe from Pambamarca
Plaza Schuller, Fernando (1977) El complejo de fortalezas de Pambamarca (Lámina 2)
Perez, Carlos (1990) Complejo Arqueológico de Pingulmi Croquis de ubicación de restos arqueológicos
Plaza Schuller, Fernando (1977) El complejo de fortalezas de Pambamarca (Lámina 2)
Plaza Schuller, Fernando (1977) El complejo de fortalezas de Pambamarca (Lámina 3, Pi-0011) Plaza Schuller, Fernando (1977) El complejo de fortalezas de Pambamarca (Lámina 14, Pi-0023)
View across Quitoloma, looking south, Las Puntas in the background
Guaman Poma (1956) El primer Nueva corónica y buen gobierno The seventh captain, Maytac Inka (p. 114)
(1) The Inkas built the Pambamarca fortresses to conquer and rule over indigenous groups. (2) Indigenous groups built the fortresses for defense against the Inka. (3) Some fortresses are Inka, and some are indigenous. (4) Indigenous groups built these fortresses, but did so imitating Inka forms (or vice versus). (5) The fortresses may have been partially built by one group and finished by the other group as ownership changed over time.
View towards Cayambe from Pambamarca View towards Quito from Pambamarca
Quitoloma (Pi-0010), Proyecto Arqueologico Pambamarca, July 2002 Plaza Schuller, Fernando (1977) El complejo de fortalezas de Pambamarca (Lámina 16, Pi-0025)
Hyslop, John (1990) Inka settlement planning (p. 97) Plan of Rumicucho, Pichincha, Ecuador (from Almeida 1984)
Plaza Schuller, Fernando (1977) El complejo de fortalezas de Pambamarca (Lámina 11, Pi-0019)
Plaza Schuller, Fernando (1977) El complejo de fortalezas de Pambamarca (Lámina 1)
Plaza Schuller, Fernando (1977) El complejo de fortalezas de Pambamarca (Lámina 16, Pi-0025)
Quitoloma (Pi-0010), Proyecto Arqueologico Pambamarca, July 2002
View across Quitoloma, looking north, kallanka in the foreground
Quitoloma (Pi-0010), Proyecto Arqueologico Pambamarca, July 2002
Quitoloma (Pi-0010), Backwards, Proyecto Arqueologico Pambamarca, July 2002
Gasparini and Margolies (1977) Aquitectura Inka (p. 48), Plano del Cusco incaico Quitoloma (Pi-0010), Backwards, Proyecto Arqueologico Pambamarca, July 2002