Ciclos de los bioelementos primordiales C, N, S y P

Ciclo básico del carbono en biología Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

Primera formulación de una reacción bioquímica Lavoisier, 1789 Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

Ciclo básico del nitrógeno en biología Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

Ciclo básico del azufre en biología Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

PO ~ H PO HO H H H O O H O H ba Ciclo básico del fósforo en biología Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

Biosfera y medio ambiente

Problemas globales

The Milankovitch Model The orbital hypothesis of climatic change Three astronomical factors have a major influence on the long-term climate on Earth The first factor lies in the shape of the Earth’s orbit, measured by a parameter called “eccentricity”, which varies between near circularity and slight ellipticity over a period of ca years.

The second factor is the tilt of the Earth’s axis of rotation, called “obliquity” (the origin of seasons), which varies between 22 and 25 degrees over a period of ca years. The Milankovitch Model The orbital hypothesis of climatic change Three astronomical factors have a major influence on the long-term climate on Earth

The third factor is called “climatic precession”: a measure of the position of summer and winter solstices relatives to the shortest (perihelion) or longest (aphelion) distances from the Earth to the Sun. The Milankovitch Model The orbital hypothesis of climatic change Three astronomical factors have a major influence on the long-term climate on Earth

The present models show that according to the astronomical data, we are at the beginning of an unusually long interglacial period, which started about years ago and should last for about years. Such a length is really exceptional over the recent geological past, and there is also a probability that the magnitude of warming could be greater if the build-up of high CO2 levels in the atmosphere continues due to man’s uncontrolled activities. The present CO2 concentration (370 ppm) is already well above the values characterising the last years, during which CO2 varied between 200 ppm (during glacial) and 280 ppm (during interglacial). Long-term climatic change ESF Communications (2002), No 44

Carbon dioxide from fossil fuels

The carbon record. Past and present NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio

luz visible superficie terrestre atmósfera EFECTO INVERNADERO radiación infrarroja Las Fronteras del Conocimiento Miguel A. de la Rosa (1996) Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

DOE Center for Research on Ocean Carbon Sequestration

The MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environment The Sleipner CO2 Injection Project

DOE Center for Research on Ocean Carbon Sequestration

The color of life. The colors of the world NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio

The relatively clear, pigment-poor waters of the Mediterranean contrast sharply with the plankton-rich Atlantic waters of northwest Spain (upper left) Ocean Color From Space

Dramatic changes in the Sun's atmosphere from solar minimum in 1996 to solar maximum in 1999 NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio

Thirty-one hours after the initial flare and Coronal Mass Ejection (an eruption of electrified gas, called plasma, from the Sun), the Earth was at the height of an intense geomagnetic storm NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio

Methane is second only to carbon dioxide in contributing to global warming. It comes from ordinary sources, like cattle herds and garbage dumps. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio Metano.mov

Carbon dioxide, methane, ozone in the troposphere, black carbon soot, aerosols, nitrous oxide, and several types of halocarbons all contribute to climate change.

While carbon dioxide is may be the biggest single factor in overall global warming, reduction of the other contributing gasses may have the potential of greater climate change mitigation.

Walther et al. (2002) Nature 416, Spatial variability of annual trends in temperature since 1976 relative to 1961 to 1990 normals

Spatial variability of annual trends in precipitation since 1976 relative to 1961 to 1990 normals Walther et al. (2002) Nature 416,

Anomalies of different phenological phases in Germany correlate well with anomalies of mean spring air temperature (T) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index Walther et al. (2002) Nature 416,

Vegetation shift from indigenous deciduous to exotic evergreen broad-leaved vegetation in southern Switzerland Walther et al. (2002) Nature 416,

Las Fronteras del Conocimiento Miguel A. de la Rosa (1996) Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA Efecto invernadero W.A. Nirenberg (La Jolla, California): La incertidumbre presente es tal que un retraso en la toma de decisiones es la política correcta

O 2 <200 nm + O O luz O 2 + O O 3 O nm + O luz O Las Fronteras del Conocimiento Miguel A. de la Rosa (1996) Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA The ozone hole

ozone_oct_99.mov

NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio Ozone in the northern and southern hemisphere as measured by Earth Probe TOMS on April 1, 2001

NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio Ozone in the northern and southern hemisphere as measured by Earth Probe TOMS on October 1, 2001

Agujero de ozono Real Academia Sueca de Ciencias (acta de concesión del Premio Nobel, 1995): Los tres investigadores (Molina, Sherwood y Roland) han contribuido a que nos salvemos de un problema ambiental que podría haber tenido consecuencias catastróficas Las Fronteras del Conocimiento Miguel A. de la Rosa (1996) Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

Producción de compuestos halogenados

Contaminación atmosférica (local y regional)

Contaminación acuática

Contaminación de los suelos

Biografía del planeta Tierra James Lovelock (Las edades de Gaia, 1993): La Tierra es capaz de superar su estado actual enfermizo de la única manera posible: la quirúrgica, esto es, eliminando la causa que ocasiona su enfermedad Las Fronteras del Conocimiento Miguel A. de la Rosa (1996) Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

CO, H O 22 CO + H O 2 2 (CH O) 2 2 ~PO 3 - 4H, + 2O O 2 H PO e 2 4H + O + H O 2 2 H PO ~PO, 3 - 4H h h h I II 2 Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

Ciclo básico del fósforo en biología Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid