Review of Uses; Sequence of Tenses

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Transcripción de la presentación:

Review of Uses; Sequence of Tenses Subjunctive Review of Uses; Sequence of Tenses

Indefinite Antecedent “Si” sentences que + change subject subjunctive Impersonal Expressions Emotion Wishes, preferences, Commands Adverbial Clauses 3 D’s Doubt/denial/ Disbelief (Indirect commands) Volition Indefinite Antecedent “Si” sentences

Perhaps we should start with the easiest: using the infinitive

querer dejar preferir insistir necesitar en of Infinitive: no change subject insistir en necesitar

Examples Quiero empezar mis vacaciones. Insisto en tomar una siesta. Prefiero leer novelas históricas. La maestra nos deja perder demasiado tiempo. Uds. necesitan ser más responsables.

Wishes, Preferences, Commands (p.288) querer desear esperar temer tener miedo de preferir mandar Ojalá These verbs are followed by the subjunctive because whether one “wants”, “hopes” or “fears”, etc., doesn’t mean there’s a guarantee of the outcome. …que…

Examples (watch tenses) Espero que ella se vaya. Yo esperaba que ella se fuera. Yo esperarίa que ella se fuera. Yo esperaré que ella se vaya. I hope that she goes away. I was hoping that she would go away. I would hope that she’d go away. I’ll hope that she goes away.

More examples Prefiero que veas el exhίbito de Picasso al museo. Yo preferίa que vieras el exhίbito de Picasso al museo. Yo preferirίa que vieras el exhίbito de Picasso al museo. Yo preferiré que veas el exhίbito de Picasso al museo.

Impersonal Expressions (p.290) Ser bueno que Ser importante que Ser posible que Ser necesario que Ser imposible que Ser probable que Ser improbable que Ser mejor que Etc. While it may be good that, or important that, or possible that, etc.; again there is no assurance of the outcome. continue for examples

Examples Es mejor que estudies todo. Era mejor que estudiaras todo. Serίa mejor que estudiaras todo. Será mejor que estudies todo. It’s better/best that you study everything. It was better/best that you study everything. It would be better/best that you study everything. It will be better/best if/that you study everything.

Volition: Giving Advice; Making Suggestions (p.313) pedir rogar sugerir aconsejar exigir decir (if used to imply a command) recomendar These verbs are followed by the subjunctive because – once again – even though one “asks” or “begs”, “suggests”, etc., it is uncertain that the desired outcome will occur.

Examples Mis padres me recomiendan que yo trabaje muy duro y que participe mucho en todas mis clases. Mis padres me recomendaron que yo trabajara muy duro y que participara mucho en todas mis clases. Mis padres me recomendarίan que yo trabajara muy duro y que participara mucho en todas mis clases.

Why did we use the subjunctive in those examples? Can we say that “I do work hard and participate a lot?” Or that “I did work hard and participated a lot?” Or that “I would work hard and participate a lot?” No, none of those statements are certain.

It’s time to look at “Sequence of Tenses” Main clause Subordinate clause pres. tense indicative pres. subjunctive future command imperfect imperfect subjunctive preterite conditional

3 D’s (doubt / denial / disbelief) p.315 dudar ser dudoso no estar seguro(a) no creer no pensar no ser cierto(a) With these expressions, the reason that you use subjunctive is because doubt is implied.

Doubt or no doubt? Subjunctive or Indicative? Creo que el mundo es redondo. No creo que el mundo sea plano. Es dudoso que la tortuga pueda ganar en una carrera contra el jaguar. Es cierto que la Sra. McKenna sabe mucho más que Uds. sobre el subjuntivo. Habίa mucha duda que la mayorίa de esta clase tratara bastante de aprender.

Emotion Begins with a statement of fact, such as “It’s sunny today!” As soon as you show an emotion about it, it shifts to the subjunctive, “I’m so happy that it’s sunny today!” Make sure there is a change of subject. alegrarse de estar alegre estar contento estar triste sentir ser una lástima sorprender gustar(le) encantar(le) Hace calor. Estoy contenta que haga calor.

Adverbial Clauses: “ESCAPA” Some expressions always force the use of the subjunctive. They are: en caso de que - in case sin que - without con tal (de) que - provided that antes de que - before para que - so that a menos que - unless

There’s a logic behind this: “In case I don’t return in time,” start dinner without me. En caso de que yo no vuelva a tiempo, empieza la cena sin mί. We cannot say with certainty that “I don’t return in time.” (I may or may not return in time.)

To use subjunctive or not? With a number of adverbial expressions, you must first determine if an action is realized or unrealized. Does it represent truth or reality, or not?

Adverbial expressions aunque cuando en cuanto tan pronto como hasta que después de que de modo que de manera que Look for “realized” (completed) action or “unrealized” (anticipated) action.

Examples meaning here? difference in What's the Mi hermano se quitó los zapatos en cuanto él entró en la casa. Mi hermano se quitará los zapatos en cuanto él entre en la casa. Salί de la clase después de que los alumnos salieron. Salgo de la clase después de que los alumnos salgan. Salgo de la clase después de que los alumnos salen. meaning here? difference in What's the

Examples El no sabe a qué hora terminará el partido de béisbol; él vendrá a mi casa aunque el partido termine muy tarde. Does “aunque” here mean “even if” or “even though”? How do you translate the sentence?

“He doesn’t know what time the baseball game will end; he’ll come to my house even if it ends really late.”

“Si” clauses There are only two different kinds of “if” sentences: Present present/future Or Imperfect subj. conditional

Examples Si yo te quiero, compartiré mi sandwich contigo. If I like you, I will share my sandwich with you. (present future) If I liked you, I would share my sandwich with you. (imperf subj conditional) Si yo te quiero, compartiré mi sandwich contigo. Si yo te quisiera, compartiría mi sandwich contigo.

Indefinite Antecedents (p.424) Does the relative clause describe a specific, definite person or thing? Or. . . Does the relative clause describe something that is indefinite (may or may not exist)?

Perdóneme, Señor, pero estoy buscando a la camarera que limpió mi habitación esta mañana. Is this a definite person? Yes, she is. Therefore, we use the indicative (preterite, in this case)

Is this a definite person? Perdóneme, Señor, pero estoy buscando un mozo que pueda ayudar con mi equipaje. Hay uno disponible? Is this a definite person? Maybe yes, maybe no. That’s why we use the subjunctive.