TECHNOLOGICAL CO- EVOLUTION OF AUTOPART MAQUILA COMPANIES AND MACHINING WORKSHOPS: THE CASE OF MEXICO Arturo A. Lara (UAM-X) Jaime Arellano (UACJ) Alejandro.

Slides:



Advertisements
Presentaciones similares
-go Verbs There is a small but very important group of verbs that we call the -go verbs. These verbs are: Conocer : to know (people) Hacer: to make/do.
Advertisements

Diseño y especificación del puesto de trabajo
-go Verbs There is a small but very important group of verbs that we call the -go verbs. These verbs are: Hacer: to make/do Poner: to put Salir: to leave.
Question words AKA PALABRAS INTERROGATIVAS
Los verbos estar y ser “to be”
Spanish Interrogatives. Who? ¿Quién? Who? (multiple people) ¿Quiénes?
The preterite (past) tense in Spanish. What is the preterite tense? The preterite tense in Spanish is one of two past tenses. We will learn the other.
Subject Pronouns Los Pronombres Sujetos Diane Brooks FL490.
Los verbos regulares – ar What is an infinitive? An infinitive in both Spanish and English is the base form of the verb. In English, the infinitive.
Stem-changing verbs.
Question words AKA PALABRAS INTERROGATIVAS
UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL ESTADO DE HIDALGO ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE ZIMAPÁN Licenciatura en Contaduría Tema: Subject questions L.E.L.I. Paulina Trujillo Castillo.
Helping Your Child at Home with Math Agenda Welcome and Overview Math Tools Using Math Strategies Homework Grade Level Games Closing: Mathematics Vision.
~MEDITATION~ Philippians 4:12-13 ESV Philippians 4:12-13 ESV 12 I know how to be brought low, and I know how to abound. In any and every circumstance,
-go Verbs There is a small but very important group of verbs that we call the “-go” verbs. These verbs are: Hacer: to make/do Poner: to put Salir: to.
Spanish –er and –ir verbs. Verbs in General English and Spanish both conjugate verbs. They can be organized as 1rst, 2 nd, and 3 rd person. If you need.
An English piece of work. Ana Montoya 2ºB. Spanish && English El miedo. El miedo es una emoción dolorosa, excitada por la proximidad de un peligro, real.
Verbs Like Gustar GUSTAR Y VERBOS SIMILARES. Hoy vamos a hablar sobre los intereses, las preferencias y las actividades en la vida de… Señor Mock.
Time Expression with Hacer Grammar Essential #106.
-AR Verbs In Spanish, there are three classes (or conjugations) of verbs: those that end in –AR, those that end in –ER, and those that end in –IR. This.
Bienvenidos Objetivos Agenda 1.Actividad Inicial: 10 min 2.Pre-Assessment: 20 min 3.Actividad Individual: 10 min 4.Group-Formation: 10 min 5.KWL-La ciudad:
Spanish Interrogatives. Who? ¿Quién? Who? (multiple people) ¿Quiénes?
How to Conjugate Regular –AR – Er - IR Verbs in the Present Tense.
The Joys of Parenting Teenagers Fall 2009 September 29: Taming the Tiger: Anger Management We all get angry at times, but how we manage our anger will.
ICF Zurich Logo. Leo Bigger Patricia Gonzalez Picture Simon & Stefan.
Federación de servicios a la ciudadanía medios de comunicación, artes, cultura y deportes The impact of noise on musicians Looking for solutions.
NEBULOUS/NEBULOSA/ DESDIBUJADA Marcela T. Garcés Assistant Professor of Spanish Published in : Label Me Latina/o Spring 2012 Volume II.
Leading in Learning – Spanish Collective Memory. Plenary 1 Did you know any of the words already? If so, which? Why are the colours significant do you.
Why do you need to learn English?  Schedule: Saturday: 8 a.m – 2:00 p.m – P609  Course book:  New Framework 2 pre-intermediate (units 1-6) - Richmond.
El verbo ser y adjetivos en español INTRODUCCIÓN Y CONTINUACIÓN DEL GÉNERO… Ojalá que estuviera en la playa…. I wish I were at the beach…. :)
Definition
Digital Photography: Selfie Slides
¿Qué haces en la escuela? Question words, objects, yo-go’s.
Think, Pair, Share Think about the answers to these questions, then write and share: 1.Have you ever been away from home for an extended period of time?
Las Preguntas (the questions) Tengo una pregunta… Sí, Juan habla mucho con el profesor en clase. No, Juan no habla mucho en clase. s vo s vo Forming.
Formal Commands! Telling people what to do…… You speak, or you are speaking……Hablas, estás hablando This is different from telling (commanding) someone.
Tecnología y Estructura de Costos. Technologies u A technology is a process by which inputs are converted to an output. u E.g. labor, a computer, a projector,
Gustar, Aburrir, y Interesar
Time Telling time is rather easy. You only need to know the numbers up to 59 to be able to tell the time.
Formal Commands! Ten-Hut! In this presentation, you will learn about making commands in Spanish.
You don’t have to pick up your textbooks. They are under your desks. Find the errors in the following dialogue. You may use your book. -Manuela: Buenas.
Spanish Sentence Structure How can we make better sentences?
El futuro What is the future tense? When would you use it?
The Imperfect Tense: Irregular Verbs
BARTERING. What is Bartering? Bartering is negotiating a lower price between a buyer and a seller of a good or service Bartering is negotiating a lower.
¿Cuántos Años Tienes? ¿ Cuál Es Tu Teléfono? Spanish4Teachers.org.
Español II Segundo tema.  You will be able to tell about what you do everyday in your daily routine.  You will be able to identify items you use to.
JUEVES, EL 10 DE SEPTIEMBRE LT: I WILL RECOGNIZE SOME NEW VOCABULARY WORDS. Go over tests & retake procedures Interpretive Assessment: numbers & alphabet.
10.4 Adverbs ANTE TODO  Adverbs are words that describe how, when, and where actions take place.  They can modify verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs.
OBSTACLES OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS SEPTEMBER 2011.
Turpin Insurance ® 2008 Todos los derechos reservados BUSINESS PROTECTION Inter-Partnership Insurance.
How would you spell the following word out loud in Spanish? Abuelito.
To be, or not to be? Let’s start out with one of the most important verbs in Spanish: ser, which means “to be.”
INTRO. TO LAW – MR. STILLMAN 12/2/15 AIM: How do we construct a brilliant BILL OF RIGHTS PROJECT? DO NOW: Which Amendment will you choose for your project?
LOS VERBOS REFLEXIVOS. WRITE: What is a reflexive verb? A reflexive verb describes when a person doing an action is also receiving the action.
ESPAÑOL 1 Lesson 50 5 y 8 de febrero de LA CAMPANA  ¿Cómo es tu mejor amigo?  Escribe 5-7 frases completas de tu amigo. La participación #1.
SCAFFOLDING & DIFFERENTIATION
English Language II (2). English Language I (2) Warm-up.
Saber Vs. Conocer Sra. Altamirano Español II. First, we need to learn the conjugation of the verb SABER Yo sé Tú Sabes él, ella,ud. Sabe Nosotros Sabemos.
PARTS OF AN ESSAY 1. INTRODUCTION 2. DEVELOPMENT 3. CONCLUSION OR SUMMARY.
Campanada guidelines in your composition notebook ¿Cómo es tu familia? (10 points) Ex. Hoy es Miercoles el 27 de enero First line will start with the date.
To be, or not to be? Let’s start out with one of the most important verbs in Spanish: ser, which means “to be.”
To be, or not to be? Let’s start out with one of the most important verbs in Spanish: ser, which means “to be.”
First Grade Dual High Frequency Words
Forming questions.
My life Name: benjamín Aravena barrios Thicher: Alexis fernandes DATE: 26|06|2018 COURSE: 7°BASICO.
How much? - How many? English Grammar. When we want to know the quantity or amount of something, we ask questions starting with How much and How many.
Globalization Politics and the preservation of nation state.
a. Which job do you think pays more? I think an assistant chef earns more, as he spends all day working, while the dog walker earns according to the dogs.
Las Preguntas (the questions) Tengo una pregunta… Sí, Juan habla mucho con el profesor en clase. No, Juan no habla mucho en clase. s vo s vo Forming.
Transcripción de la presentación:

TECHNOLOGICAL CO- EVOLUTION OF AUTOPART MAQUILA COMPANIES AND MACHINING WORKSHOPS: THE CASE OF MEXICO Arturo A. Lara (UAM-X) Jaime Arellano (UACJ) Alejandro García (UAEM) Seminario Internacional Globalización, Conocimiento y Desarrollo (UNAM), 2006.

Main questions What is the role of MWs (machining workshops) in connection with global companies of the automotive sector? Is it possible to understand this relation as co- evolution?. How are the pressures originated in autopart maquila companies passed on to machining workshops? What is the role of problem solving in the relations between AMCs (maquiladoras) and MWs?

Indice Hipótesis Co-evolucion Tipologia de transacciones claves Evolución de la especificad de los activos Conclusion

Hipótesis 1. Para captar los procesos de co-evolución maquiladoras – talleres de maquinado es necesario considerar la evolución de las distintas formas de retroalimentacion, y causación acumulativa. Programa teórico: Sistemas complejos adaptables (Holland, Axerold, Cohen, Arthur), economía evolutiva ( David, Nelson &Winter)

Hipótesis 2: Evolución de los activos La cooperación inter–firma expresa la combinación compleja y simultánea de cinco especificidades de activos: físicos; activos humanos; sitio; dedicados y de tiempo. Programa teórico: Economía institucional (Williamson) y Economía Evolutiva (Nelson y Winter, David, Arthur)

Proceso co-evolutivo de empresas / empresas 3 Instituciones Públicas y Privadas / Certificación-Estandarización 2 Empresas locales/ Talleres de Maquinados 4 Instituciones Públicas/ Privadas: / Medición y Pruebas 1 Empresas Maquiladoras

El concepto de co-evolución permite entender: i) Las interacciones directas y efectos de retroalimentación – feedback - generan comportamientos dinámicos, que nos alejan del equilibrio; ii) Las interacciones que resulten en interdependencias y causalidades recursivas - cada firma influyendo en el comportamiento de las demás, y éstas a su vez sobre las primeras. Iii) Alta sensibilidad a las condiciones iniciales

Which are the key transactions in the technological evolution of maquiladoras and MWs?

Cantidad de empresas en cada mercado de productos

Cuotas de mercado (%)

A typology for explaining the nature of transactions

Especificidad de los activos Williamson (1985:103) distingue las siguientes formas de especificidad de activos: i) Especificidad de los activos físicos. ii) Especificidad de los activos humanos. iii) Especificidad de sitio. iv) Especificidad de activos dedicados. Es necesario agregar una nueva forma de especificidad que contenga propiedades evolutivas sobresalientes V) Especificidad de tiempo

Dimensiones del tiempo Sincronización: Es una fenómeno temporal, su existencia presupone la secuencia de eventos. Sincronización es el producto de la coordinación de una secuencia de eventos. Periodicidad. Es un fenómeno temporal que alude a la ocurrencia o grado de frecuencia o repetición regular del evento. El problema se presenta cuando existe asimetría temporal de los eventos (Zerubavel, 1981).

Dimensiones del tiempo Ritmo. Desde un punto de vista físico, el ritmo o velocidad realmente no es un problema si nos ajustamos a la noción del tiempo objetivo del reloj. Adquiere relevancia aquí la intensidad de la interdependencia “vivida” por los actores u organizaciones. Secuencia. El tiempo está organizado en torno a eventos. La secuencia de los eventos indica que en el tiempo t deben realizarse selectivamente. Sólo después de ocurrido el evento A, puede ocurrir, en el tiempo t+1, el evento B.

Dimensiones del tiempo Irreversibilidad Supongamos el cambio evolutivo de un sistema complejo A, a un nuevo estado al que llamamos B. Ambos sistemas están constituidos por centenares de elementos, unidos de una manera jerárquica y densa (Simon, 1962). El fenómeno de la irreversibilidad afirma que cualquier reversión completa a una fase anterior, de B  A, es completamente improbable o imposible; no se puede retroceder y recobrar la forma anterior

Dimensiones del tiempo Lock-in Las decisiones que toman las empresas sobre qué tecnología elegir, cómo resolver un desequilibrio tecnológico, o qué insumos o diseños construir, determinan una senda tecnológica irreversible por las fuerzas autorreforzantes (lock-in) a las que da lugar, mismas que muy difícilmente se pueden modificar.

Grado de especificidad de los activos Mercado disputable, relación anónima, instantánea. Mercado spot. Ausencia de contratos formales. Especificidad = 1 Virtualmente desaparece el mercado. No existen usos alternativos del activo. Importa la identidad de los agentes. El contrato es relacional.

Especificidad de los activos Tiempo I   Tiempo II Tiempo III Especificidad de Sitio (Es) 0,7 1 / ? Especificidad humana (Eh) 0.5 0.8 / ? Especificidad de activos físicos (Ef) 04 0.4 / ? Especificidad de activos dedicados (Ed) 0.2 0.7 / ? Especificidad de tiempo (Et) 0,8 1 / ?  

How are autopart maquila companies and machining workshops linked? How are processes affected by the shortening of the product life cycle? How does reduction of inventories and just in time production exert pressure on maquiladoras chains of value? What is the reaction between competitive advantage and time, and what is their role in the set of MW pressures? Why do “production” and technological problem solving become a defining moment in the forging of ties between AMCs and MWs?  

Interview with MW manager: “The maquila company always wants everything “urgently.(...) If maquila companies did not have any urgency, there would be no workshops. (..) If (the MW) does not do (the work) now, the maquila company “will leave you and leave you for good”. (MWs) have to navigate with that.”

Conclusion MWs perform many functions that may be described as arising from co-evolution with maquiladoras because: a) they contribute technologically and with resources to shortening the life cycle of the process and, hence, of the product. From this point of view, their existence in so much support infrastructure is decisive or critical;

Conclusion b) They make it possible to deal with contingencies (quantitative and qualitative) caused in the environment or in the changing geographic location patterns of companies globally and regionally;

Conclusion c) They free maquiladoras from the need to invest in expensive equipment and installations and thereby allow them to concentrate their resources (capital and human) on activities closer to their technological core; and

Conclusion Maquiladoras are highly routinized production units, but islands of space and capability formation remain subject to the decisions of actors (engineers), especially when it comes to solving problems. Efficiency in solving problems depends on the cognitive distance between engineers and MWs managers. For all these reasons, maquiladoras need to build closer relations of technological cooperation and coordination with the MWs.

Conclusion It is necessary to recognize that the ability of maquila companies to up-grading from the production of A to B, or from capability x to z, is, to a large extent, possible if we accept the different functions of the machining workshop.

Conclusion Is it in our interests to create and strengthen machining workshops that produce simple components, low in added value, but scale and capital intensive?

Dilema Or rather, would it be more convenient for MWs to become suppliers of increasingly complex items and machinery, as well as suppliers of qualified services that allow AMCs to stabilize and improve their production processes?

Muchas gracias ¡