Experiment de Franck-Hertz

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Transcripción de la presentación:

Experiment de Franck-Hertz

Context històric 1900: Postulat de Planck E = n h n 1905: Einstein - Quantització de l’energia de fotons 1913: Postulats de Bohr

James Franck - Gustav Hertz 1911 - 1914: - Estudi del potencial d’ionització per diferents gasos - Connexió entre el potencial d’ionització i la teoria quàntica J. Franck G. Hertz

Experiment de franck-hertz 1911 - 1914: - Estudi del potencial d’ionització pel cas de vapor de Hg - Publicació dels resultats en 1914 Article 1: Col·lisions entre electrons i molècules de vapor de Hg i el potencial d’ionització d’aquestes molècules [1] Article 2: Excitació de la línia de ressonància del Hg de longitud d’ona 2536 Å per col·lisions d’electrons [2]

Experiment de franck-hertz Tub amb vapor de Hg Potencial d’acceleració entre els punts K i A Potencial de frenada entre els punts A i S Mesura de la intensitat al punt S

Experiment de franck-hertz Energia dels electrons en funció del potencial de frenada Potencial d’ionització del Hg al voltant de 5 V

Experiment de franck-hertz Intensitat en funció del potencial d’acceleració Potencial d’ionització del Hg = 4,9 V

Experiment de franck-hertz Com s’explica l’emissió de radiació? Línia de ressonància de Hg a l =2536 Å Per E < hn  Xoc elàstic Per E = hn  Xoc inelàstic - Ionització dels àtoms de Hg o emissió de radiació

Experiment de franck-hertz Càlcul de la constant de Planck (l =2536 Å)

1915: Resposta de bohr “It seems that their experiments may possibly be consistent with the assumption that this voltage [4.9 volts] corresponds only to the transition from the normal state to some other stationary state of the neutral atom.” [3] Niels Bohr

1915: Resposta de bohr “If the above considerations are correct it will be seen that Franck and Hertz's measurements give very strong support to the theory considered in this paper. If, on the other hand, the ionization potential of mercury should prove to be as low as assumed by Franck and Hertz, it would constitute a serious difficulty for the above interpretation…” [3] Niels Bohr

1919: Franck-hertz “when we made the experiments, we did not know Bohr's theory. We had neither read nor heard about it…. At that time in Berlin … nobody discussed Bohr's theory…. We were surprised [by our results]. But we were not surprised after we read Bohr's paper [of 1913] later, after our publication.” [4] J. Franck G. Hertz

1919: Franck-hertz “It appeared to me to be completely incomprehensible that we had failed to recognize the fundamental significance of Bohr's theory, so much so, that we never even mentioned it once in the relevant paper. It was unfortunate that we could not rectify our error … ourselves by clearing up the still existing uncertainties experimentally.” [5] J. Franck G. Hertz

Discussió Cada cop que un electró cedeix la seva energia a un àtom de Hg, per què la intensitat no baixa a zero? Distinció entre el potencial d’ionització i l’energia de transició.

Bibliografia [1] James Franck and Gustav Hertz, Verhand. Deut. Physik, Ges., 16 (1914), 457-467 – trans. Editors. [2] James Franck and Gustav Hertz, Verhand. Deut. Physik, Ges., 16 (1914), 512 [3] N. Bohr, Phil. Mag. 30, 394(1915). [4] G. Holton, Am. J. Phys. 29, 805 (1961). [5] J. Franck, “Transformations of kinetic energy of free electrons into excitation energy of atoms by impacts,” in Nobel lectures, physics 1922–1941(Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1965). [6] Eisberg – Resnick, Física Cuántica, Limusa Wiley (2002), 115 – 151