History, archeology, culture and cultural heritage, traditions and languages Enrique Banús.

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Transcripción de la presentación:

History, archeology, culture and cultural heritage, traditions and languages Enrique Banús

Zu fragen bin ich da, nicht zu antworten. (Max Frisch, Tagebücher*) * Quoting Hendrik Ibsen.

1st Question: What is Culture?

Knowledge Arts An Element of Social Life

Culture is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. (Edward B. Tylor, Primitive Culture, 1871:1).

1st Question, 1st Variation: What is Cultural Identity?

le retour à des valeurs identitaires (Bartement/Bernier-Boissard) New Identities? The End of the Nation-State?

1st Question, 1st Variation (2): Reality or Construct?

"Im Rahmen der Kulturdifferenzhypothese gibt es (...) die Vorstellung, kulturelle Identität sei etwas Essentielles, das in seiner Substanz fixiert ist. Darauf gründet die Auffassung, daß kulturelle Differenzen bestehen, die sich nicht überwinden lassen" (Detlef BUROW).

Cada cultura representa un conjunto de valores único e ireemplazable, ya que las tradiciones y formas de expresión de cada pueblo constituyen su manera más lograda de estar presente en el mundo" ("Declaración de México sobre las Políticas Culturales", 1982).

The establishment of group identity" is often made "by means of differentiation from other group identities (FIRCHOW 1986). Indeed: "According to the sociological hypothesis, every We-group implies necessarily the existence of the others, and it is based upon the distinction between us and the others" (SKILJAN 1998). In this way, the notion of alterity became synonymous to that of antagonism (JENKINS-SOFOS 1996).

Strath expresses the same from another perspective: Identity construction is a matter of a very fragile balance (...) between inward and outward (STRATH). This has produced often definitions "in negative terms" (BOYCE), that is, by indicating what "we are not" and by excluding those who "are not". Indeed, concepts like nationhood (...) have an inherent capacity to exclude as much as to include (JENKINS-SOFOS 1996), what means, "including the construction of images of undesirable 'Others'" (BOYCE)."

2nd Question: What is the Mediterranean?

En mi ciudad, desde que nacemos, se nos llenan los ojos de azul de las aguas. Ese azul nos pertenece como una porción de nuestro heredamiento. Le rodeaba una Creación perfumada, vaporosa, de sueños de jardines y luna. Comenzó Sigüenza una encendida alabanza de su Levante, de las mañanas doradas y dulces como el panal, de estos crepúsculos de misticismo y exaltación. Y cuando esta serenidad y esta belleza hallan un alma levantina propicia a su gracia, entonces surge un artista maravilloso y elegido (Gabriel Miró).

el mar (...) és un etern deler de llibertat. (Joan Maragall). El mar se aleja inmenso, azul, verdoso, pardo, hacia la inmensidad. (Azorín).

unidad evidente, (...) ser profundo del Mediterráneo (Fernand Braudel) un terre daccueil et de rencontre, pour lemerveillement des artistes, la sensibilité des écrivains, la fertilité des scientifiques, lambition des politiques, lingéniosité des artisans, laudace des commerçants et des industriels (Paul Rasse) un espace magique (Thierry Fabre) ha creado el hombre moderno, ha creado el mundo moderno (Baltasar Porcel)

lémergence dune unité humaine et dun destin collectif (Paul Rasse) la communauté de destin des peuples (Paul Rasse) but also: conflicting and contradictory character of the worlds which inhabit the Mediterranean (Melita Richer)

3rd Question: What does Culture mean for the Mediterranean?

Some Reflections about Culture and Development (1): Economic: 2-3% GDP; 7% of total employment Social: the Guggenheim and the Raval: Two Case Studies Cultural: 92% never to the theatre!

Although studies have shown that cultural industries do only produce in between 2 and 4 percent of the GNP in a country, the increasing importance of culture for urban and regional economic development, for the image of cities as well as for the political culture is widely acknowledged (K.R. Kunzmann 1989)

Some Reflections about Culture and Development (2): Human Development Index 2005 High: France (16), Italy (18), Spain (21), Israel (23), Greece (24), Slovenia (26), Cyprus (29), Malta (32), Croatia (45)

Some Reflections about Culture and Development (2): Human Development Index 2005 Middle: Lybia (58), Lebanon (81), Tunisia (89), Jordan (90), Turkey (94), Palestinian Authority (102), Algeria (103), Syria (106), Egypt (119), Morocco (124) Low: - (177 countries are included)

3rd Question, 1st Variation: What do Cultures mean for the Mediterranean?

3rd Question, 2nd Variation: And Languages? (i.e. Diversity?)

Today, between y lenguas are spoken in the world. More than 50% will disappear until 2100.

3rd Question, 3rd Variation: What does the Encounter between Cultures mean?

Clash of Civilisations? Cultural Exchange? Cultural Relativism? A Threat for Cultural Identity? A Reason for Cultural Resistance?

3rd Question, 4th Variation: Is Cultural Relativism the necessary Consequence? The Soup in Kazakhstan The Vidows in India.

4th Question: What does Globalisation mean for the Mediterranean?

¿Qué es la globalización? El tango argentino se baila en París, el bikutsi camerunés en Dakar, la salsa cubana en Los Angeles. Mac Donalds sirve sus hamburguesas en Pekín y Cantón sirve su comida en el Soho. La baguette parisiense conquistó el África occidental. En Bombay ven al Papa por Mundovisión. Los filipinos lloran en directo la muerte de la princesa de Gales. (Jean-Pierre Warnier, La mundialización de la cultura, Gedisa, Madrid, 2002, pág. 9)

4th Question, 1st Variation: Is Globalisation a Blessing or a Threat?

the beauty of globalisation is that it can free people from the tyranny of geography. (Philippe Legrain, Cultural Globalization is not Americanization, The Chronicle Review, 2003) La globalización es un integrismo más radical que el islámico. (Jean Baudrillard, en: El Mundo, 2 de abril de 2004, pág. 49)

The Case Mac Donalds McDonalds in 119 countries 47 millions of clients daily 1 McDonalds opens every 17 h.

The Case Coca-Cola 300 Coca-Cola factories in 200 countries World Consume: bottles/second

Number 11-23: USA 1st European movie: Place 27) 28 días después (UK): st non European movie: Place 64) Shin-Chan, en busca de las bolas perdidas (Japón): Cinema takings in Spain: around 84% for US movies

4th Question, 2nd Variation: How to React in Front of Globalisation?

A) Resistance (Cultural War) Charlton Heston: "Winning The Cultural War" Harvard Law School Forum; February 16, 1999 Andrea Amato, Istituto per il Mediterraneo, Roma (workshop in Bodrum/Turkey, September 2005)

A) Resistance A1) Politically: Cultural Exception (Uruguay Round 1994) B) Socially: Anti-Globalization movements C) Globally: Clash of civilizations?

B) Are there other Possibilities B1) Assimilation B2) Glocalization B3) Exchange / Encounter

Could it be that things are more complex? La globalización es también el horizonte imaginado (...) por gobiernos y empresas (...), por realizadores de cine y televisión, artistas e intelectuales, a fin de reinsertar sus productos en mercados más amplios. (...) La integración abarca a algunos países más que a otros. (...) Beneficia a sectores minoritarios de esos países y para la mayoría queda como fantasía. Lo que se anuncia como globalización está generando (...) interrelaciones regionales, alianzas de empresarios, circuitos comunicacionales y consumidores de los países europeos o los de América del Norte o los de una zona asiática. No de todos con todos. ( Néstor García Canclini, La globalización imaginada, Paidós, Buenos Aires, 1999, pág. 32)

A balance: on the one hand, a greater capacity for communication and exchange on the international scale take places with unbalanced consequences; whereas on the other, there exists a real danger of cultural homogenisation and commodification, flat individualization and increasing secularization as a result of the imposition of the contemporary western cultural model with damaging effects on our civilisations ( Léonce Bekemans )

4th Question, 3rd Variation: Are there changes in the life style? What does, for example mean a concert of Enrique Iglesias in El Cairo? Are habitudes changing in the Mediterranean: from city centre to the estates?

5th Question: What does Cultural Tourism mean for the Mediterranean?

Some Reflections about Tourism and Development: Economic: 9-11% GDP Social: Cultural: Touristical correctness (The Masai-Dances)

6th Question: What is Heritage?

The New Concept of Heritage: le petit patrimoine, fragile, les centres des villes, le bâti rural même le plus modeste (Paul Rasse 1999) témoins symboliques et lidentité du site (Florence Eid)

El desarrollo histórico y la preservación de los museos ya se acepta como una contribución al desarrollo económico. Pero, ¿qué decir del patrimonio intangible, la memoria cultural inmaterial, conservada en la mente de las personas y mantenida en sus tradiciones, mitos y rituales, y que se expresa a través de sus lenguas? (Nuestra diversidad creativa)

7th Question: What does Heritage show in the Mediterranean?

7th Question: Encounter or Isolation? Influences, Mixtures or Identities?

el patrimonio debe ser asumido y vuelto accesible de manera más imaginativa, compartido más ampliamente entre los países y dentro de ellos, empleado de forma más creativa para reinventar una cultura viva (...) y (...) cuidado más prudentemente como fuente importante de ingresos y de empleo (Nuestra diversidad creativa)

définir une stratégie qui transformerait le patrimoine en un catalyseur de la coopération dans toute la région méditerranéenne. Ils ne se sont pas seulement concentrés sur les monuments et lartisanat, ils voulaient également attirer lattention sur lextraordinaire patrimoine méditerranéen de traditions immateriélles, de croyances, doeuvres dart et de fêtes locales (Commission Européenne: Euromed Héritage, 2002)

8th Question: What is a Museum?

une idée simple: celle de transformer les sites historiques et archéologiques eux- mêmes en lieux dexposition (...) plutôt que de présenter des expositions dans des musées (Commission Européenne, 2003)

At the end: a malicious remark culture comme une pure et simple option, une mesure daccompagnement de politiques dont les enjeux sont radicalement autres (Alain Roussillon)

With an authority argument: Cuando ha parecido darse más importancia a la cultura, era, en muchos casos porque se la veía como simple instrumento del crecimiento económico, porque se pensaba en su eventual contribución a la economía y al empleo, y no por respeto por la cultura como elemento constitutivo del desarrollo humano (...). Si se quiere que la cultura desempeñe un papel esencial, esto significa que el Estado ha de interesarse también por el bienestar cultural como parte integrante del bienestar social y económico (UNESCO Stockholm Conference on Cultural Policies, 1999)

And an alternative proposal: la cultura no es (...) un instrumento del progreso material: es el fin y el objetivo del desarrollo, entendido en el sentido de realización de la existencia humana en todas su formas y toda su plenitud (Nuestra diversidad creativa.)

Can we agree with Léonce Bekemans: We need a new imaginative approach of cultural cooperation beyond existing institutional cooperation (...). There is a need for mobilising projects which reach out to the people.

Can culture help in realising the goal to transform the Mediterranean in: an area of shared prosperity and conviviality between our peoples, cultures and civilizations; a zone of common values, where we can disagree in a civilized way and listen to the Other with respect for the differences, images and stories of the Other (Leónce Bekemans)

T H E E N D A presentation by: Enrique Banús Universidad de Navarra