Present Perfect and Pluperfect

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Transcripción de la presentación:

Present Perfect and Pluperfect

Let’s look at the present perfect in English first: I have read that book. I have lived here for five years. “Perfect” means “complete.” All perfect tenses are by definition, therefore, past tenses. So what’s the difference between “I have read that book.” And simply “I read that book”? The difference in this case is how we view the action. If we say, “I have (or “I’ve”) read that book,” we see it as complete but having influence on the present. We might want to discuss it. “I read that book” means that it’s over and done with.

The second sentence is a little easier to explain: I have lived here for five years. That means not only have I inhabited this place for the past five years but also that I continue to live here. Sometimes the present perfect means that the action is complete but still going on in the present, and sometimes it means that the action still has influence on the present. I ate five candy bars.—Action completed. I’ve eaten five candy bars. -- . . . And maybe I’ll eat some more! -- Action may continue. or . . . And that’s why my stomach hurts. -- Influence on the present

Past Participle All perfect tenses are made up of two parts: the helping verb and the past participle of the main verb: helping verb past participle helping verb past participle He has eaten. We have seen. They have left. You have finished. I have studied. She has fallen.

This is how you form the past participle in Spanish: Drop the –ar and add –ado: hablar hablado nadar nadado pensar pensado almorzar almorzado llegar llegado estar estado Drop the –er or –ir and add –ido: comer comido poder podido leer leído querer querido asistir asistido venir venido

Los irregulares Abrir - abierto Romper – roto Ver – visto Volver – vuelto Escribir – escrito Decir – dicho Poner – puesto Morir - muerto Hacer – hecho Cubrir - cubierto

There are, of course, irregular past participles in Spanish as there are in English. call called jump jumped look looked eat eated???? have eaten bring bringed???? have brought

Practicamos Forma el participo pasado Comer Comido Abrir Abierto Ganar Ganado Ver Visto Comprar Comprado Hacer Hecho Beber Bebido Escribir Escrito

Helping Verb Now you need a helping verb to go with your past participles. What we use is the present tense of the verb “haber.” he hablado hemos hablado has hablado habéis hablado ha hablado han hablado Use these verb forms with all your past participles: he comido, has querido, ha vuelto, hemos trabajado, etc.

Practicamos Forma el presente perfecto Yo________(hacer) la tarea. Yo he hecho la tarea. Ella ______(firmar) el contracto. Ella ha firmado el contracto. Nosotros _____(terminar) la clase. Nosotros hemos terminado la clase. Tu ________(comer) toda la cena. Tu has comida toda la cena. Mis amigos ______(ir) a mi casa. Mis amigos han ido a mi casa.

Ejemplos en el cuento Todos los peces se han ido. Los peces se han ido, y nos moriremos de hambre. Mi viejo amigo le había prometido que lo iba a comer, y se lo ha comido. Los peces volvieron también, los yacarés vivieron y viven todavía muy felices, porque se han acostumbrado al fin a ver pasar vapores y buques que llevan naranjas.

Repasamos Gritar Nicolás _____mucho durante el partido. Nicolás ha gritado mucho durante el partido. Golpear Los hermanos se __________. Los hermanos se han golpeado. Colocarse Mi hermano no recuerda donde _______ las cajas. Mi hermano no recuerda donde ha colocado las cajas. Reventar Yo ________el globo. Yo he reventado el globo. Hundirse Los chicos _________en el lago. Los chicos se han hundido en el lago. Espantar ¿________ ya la película a los chicos? ¿Ha espantado ya la película a los chicos?

Repasamos Estorbar El dique______ la ruta del barco El dique ha estorbado la ruta del barco. Emprender Ellos ________el torpedo hasta el barco. Ellos han emprendido el torpedo hasta el barco. Largar El barco _______mucho humo. El barco ha largado mucho humo. Escribir ¿Por qué no ellos_______ la carta? ¿Por qué no ellos han escrito la carta?

The past perfecto, or pluperfect,is easier to explain, but we don’t always use it when we should. The past perfect (also called “pluperfect”) is the past of the past. Juan had already eaten when we arrived. Both actions (“eaten” and “arrived”) are in the past. But the eating happened before the arriving. So “arrived” is past, and “had eaten” is the past of that—the past of the past.

Pluperfect (Past Perfect) (Pluscuamperfecto) The past perfect (also called the pluperfect and, in Spanish, the pluscuamperfecto), remember, is the past of the past and translates with “had” in English. ALL perfect tenses get a helping verb and a past participle: present perfect he has eaten past perfect he had eaten future perfect he will have eaten conditional perfect he would have eaten

había hablado habíamos hablado As you saw, the present perfect tense has a set of helping verbs that come from “haber”: he hemos has habéis ha han The same is true of the past perfect. The helping verbs for the past perfect are the imperfect form of “haber”: había hablado habíamos hablado habías hablado habíais hablado había hablado habían hablado

Note that the endings on “haber” for the past perfect are the endings for the imperfect tense: había habíamos habías habíais había habían The present perfect is the PRESENT tense of “haber” + the past participle. The past perfect tense is the IMPERFECT (PAST) tense of “haber” + the past participle. Guess what the future perfect tense is composed of. But that’s another lesson.

Practicamos Forma el pluscamperfecto. Yo _______(llegar) antes de ella. Yo había llegado antes de ella. Nosotros _______(ver) la película. Nosotros habíamos visto la película. Mis amigos ________(ir) a la playa este ano. Mis amigos habían ido a la playa este ano. Tu _______(comprar) el libro antes de que pudiera dártelo. Tu habías comprado el libro ante de que pudiera dártelo. Mi ex-novia nunca me _______(decir) la verdad. Mi ex-novia nunca me ha dicho la verdad.

Repasamos a. cenar -- to eat dinner Ellos _______cuando llegamos. Ellos habían cenado cuando llegamos b. ver -- to see Marta ___________la película el mes pasado pero tenía ganas de verla de nuevo. Marta había visto la película el mes pasado pero tenía ganas de verla de nuevo. c. desayunar -- to eat breakfast A las siete de la mañana nosotros ya___________ . A las siete de la mañana nosotros ya habíamos comido. d. repetir -- to repeat El alumno ___________muchas veces las conjugaciones de los verbos. El alumno había repetido muchas veces las conjugaciones de los verbos.

Repasamos e. devolver -- to return María buscó el disco compacto que Juan__________ . María buscó el disco compacto que Juan había devuelto. f. terminar -- to finish Cuando llegó el supervisor ya los trabajadores _____________ su trabajo. Cuando llegó el supervisor ya los trabajadores habían terminado su trabajo. g. empaquetar -- to pack El comprador llevó las bolsas que el empleado_______________ . El comprador llevó las bolsas que el empleado había empaquetado. h. prometer -- to promise El político ______________bajar los impuestos. El político había prometido bajar los impuestos. i. cambiar -- to change El carpintero le dijo a Miguel que ______________la cerradura de la puerta. El carpintero le dijo a Miguel que había cambiado la cerradura de la puerta.  

Repasamos j. pescar -- to fish Los maridos confesaron a sus mujeres que no ______________salmones. Los maridos confesaron a sus mujeres que no habían pescado salmones.