E. F. Schumacher Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered Chapter 3: The Role of Economics Chapter 4: Buddhist Economics Héctor José Huyke,

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Transcripción de la presentación:

E. F. Schumacher Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered Chapter 3: The Role of Economics Chapter 4: Buddhist Economics Héctor José Huyke, class presentation INTD 3990

“Economics palys a central role in shaping the activities of the modern world, inasmuch as it supplies the criteria of what is ‘economic’ and what is ‘uneconomic’ and there is no other set of criteria that exercises a greater influence over the actions of inifdividuals and groups as well as over those of governments.” (página 40)

Pensemos en los problemas que asociamos con Puerto Rico... ¿el crimen? ¿la corrupción? ¿el bajo nivel de vida? ¿el alto desempleo? ¿la educación pública? ¿la relación con los Estados Unidos?... comúnmente terminamos hablando en términos económicos... “In the current vocabulary of condemnation there are few words as final and conclusive as the word ’uneconomic’” (página 41)

¿Por qué confiar tanto en la disciplina de la economía? ¡Vamos a los fundamentos! “... economics is a ‘derived’ science...” (pághina 52) la meta-economía

Algo es económico si produce alguna ganancia. Y si no produce alguna ganancia, ha de producir algo que eventualmente ha de producir alguna ganancia. ¿Qué es el mercado donde se decide el asunto de las ganancias?

“In a sense, the market is the institutionalization of individualism and non-responsibility. Neither buyer nor seller is responsible for anything but himself. It would be ‘uneconomic’ for a wealthy seller to reduce his prices to poor customers merely because they are in need, or for a wealthy buyer to pay an extra price merely because the supplier is poor. Equally, it would be ‘uneconomic’ for a buyer to give preference to home-produced goods if imported goods are cheaper”. (página 44) “To the extent that economic thinking is based on the market, it takes the sacredness out of life, because there can be nothing sacred in something that has a price. Not surprisingly, therefore, if economic thinking pervades the whole of society, even simple non-economic values like beauty, health, or cleanliness can survive only if they prove to be ‘economic’.” (página 45) ¿Pero vamos a rechazar el pensamiento económico? No.

LA TENDENCIA AL ENTENDIMIENTO DE LO CUANTIFICABLE A EXPENSAS DEL ENTENDIMIENTO DE DIFERENCIAS CUALITATIVAS El asunto cuantitativo Gross National Product (GNP) producto nacional bruto El asunto cualitativo ¿Pero que es lo que puede estar creciendo cuando crece el producto nacional bruto?

La materia de la disciplina económica son los bienes (páginas 49-50) biene s primariossecundarios (presuponen los primarios) no renovables renovables manufacturasservicios digamos, petroleo digamos, trigo digamos, zapatos digamos, hoteles el mercado no reconoce la genuina diferencia entre estas categorías... cinco dólares de petroleo son cinco dólares de trigo son cinco dólares de... En la economía que predomina el criterio de la importancia de cada categoría es el margen de ganancia, no la genuina importancia de la categoría.

¿Y qué decimos del trabajo, según la economía moderna?

“Now, the modern economist has been brought up to consider ‘labour’ or work as little more that a necessary evil. From the point of view of the employer, it is in any case simply an item of cost, to be reduced to a minimum if it cannot be eliminated altogether, say, by automation. From the point of view of the workman, it is a ‘disutility’; to work is to make a sacrifice of one’s leisure and comfort, and wages are a kind of compensation for the sacrifice. Hence the ideal from the point of view of the employer is to have output without employees, and the ideal from the point of view of the employee is to have income without employment.” (página 54)

¿Podemos partir de otra base meta-económica? “The choice of Buddhism for this purpose is purely incidental; the teachings of Christianity, Islam, or Judaism could have been used just as well as this or any other of the great Eastern traditions.” (página 52, al final del capítulo 3)

MODERN ECONOMICS BUDDHIST ECONOMICS La esencia de la civilización es multiplicar las necesidades Mejorar el estándar de vida es aumentar el consumo anual Aumentar la transportación de bienes y servicios es señal de progreso La esencia de la civilización es perfeccionar el carácter Mejorar el estándar de vida es maximizar el bienestar Transportar bienes y sevicios siempre que sea necesario